APA FormatWord文件下载.docx

APA FormatWord文件下载.docx

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10.2APAFormat

WhatisAPAFormat?

APA（AmericanPsychologicalAssociation）ismostcommonlyusedtocitesourceswithinthesocialsciences.Thisresource,revisedaccordingtothe5theditionoftheAPAmanual（2008）,offersexamplesforthegeneralformatofAPAresearchpapers,in-textcitations,endnotes/footnotes,andthereferencepage.

10.3APACitationBasics

（1）APAstylerequiresauthorstousethepasttenseorpresentperfecttensewhenusingsignalphrasestodescribeearlierresearch.E.g.,Jones（1998）foundorJones（1998）hasfound…

（2）ParenthesesCitations

WhenusingAPAformat,followtheauthor-datemethodofin-textcitation.Thismeansthattheauthor'

slastnameandtheyearofpublicationforthesourceshouldappearinthetext.E.g.,（Jones,1998）,andacompletereferenceshouldappearinthereferencelistattheendofthepaper.

IfyouarereferringtoanideafromanotherworkbutNOTdirectlyquotingthematerial,ormakingreferencetoanentirebook,articleorotherwork,youonlyhavetomakereferencetotheauthorandyearofpublicationinyourin-textreference.

（3）In-TextCitationCapitalization,Quotes,andItalics/Underlining

∙Alwayscapitalizepropernouns,includingauthornamesandinitials:

D.Jones.

∙Ifyourefertothetitleofasourcewithinyourpaper,capitalizeallwordsthatarefourletterslongorgreaterwithinthetitleofasource:

PermanenceandChange.Exceptionsapplytoshortwordsthatareverbs,nouns,pronouns,adjectives,andadverbs:

WritingNewMedia,ThereIsNothingLefttoLose.

（Note:

inyourReferenceslist,onlythefirstwordofatitlewillbecapitalized:

Writingnewmedia.）

∙Whencapitalizingtitles,capitalizebothwordsinahyphenatedcompoundword:

Natural-BornCyborgs.

∙Capitalizethefirstwordafteradashorcolon:

"

DefiningFilmRhetoric:

TheCaseofHitchcock'

sVertigo."

∙Italicizeorunderlinethetitlesoflongerworkssuchasbooks,editedcollections,movies,televisionseries,documentaries,oralbums:

TheClosingoftheAmericanMind;

TheWizardofOz;

Friends.

（4）ShortQuotations

Ifyouaredirectlyquotingfromawork,youwillneedtoincludetheauthor,yearofpublication,andthepagenumberforthereference（precededby"

p."

）.Introducethequotationwithasignalphrasethatincludestheauthor'

slastnamefollowedbythedateofpublicationinparentheses.

AccordingtoJones（1998）,"

StudentsoftenhaddifficultyusingAPAstyle,especiallywhenitwastheirfirsttime"

（p.199）.Jones（1998）found"

studentsoftenhaddifficultyusingAPAstyle"

（p.199）;

whatimplicationsdoesthishaveforteachers?

Iftheauthorisnotnamedinasignalphrase,placetheauthor'

slastname,theyearofpublication,andthepagenumberinparenthesesafterthequotation.Shestated,"

StudentsoftenhaddifficultyusingAPAstyle,"

（Jones,1998,p.199）,butshedidnotofferanexplanationastowhy.

（5）LongQuotations

Placedirectquotationslongerthan40wordsinafree-standingblockoftypewrittenlines,andomitquotationmarks.Startthequotationonanewline,indentedfivespacesfromtheleftmargin.Typetheentirequotationonthenewmargin,andindentthefirstlineofanysubsequentparagraphwithinthequotationfivespacesfromthenewmargin.Maintaindouble-spacingthroughout.Theparentheticalcitationshouldcomeaftertheclosingpunctuationmark.

Jones'

s（1998）studyfoundthefollowing:

StudentsoftenhaddifficultyusingAPAstyle,especiallywhenitwastheirfirsttimecitingsources.Thisdifficultycouldbeattributedtothefactthatmanystudentsfailedtopurchaseastylemanualortoasktheirteacherforhelp.（p.199）

（6）SummaryorParaphrase

Ifyouareparaphrasinganideafromanotherwork,youonlyhavetomakereferencetotheauthorandyearofpublicationinyourin-textreference,butAPAguidelinesencourageyoutoalsoprovidethepagenumber（althoughitisnotrequired.）

AccordingtoJones（1998）,APAstyleisadifficultcitationformatforfirst-timelearners.

APAstyleisadifficultcitationformatforfirst-timelearners（Jones,1998,p.199）.

10.4In-TextCitations:

PAstylehasaseriesofimportantrulesonusingauthornamesaspartoftheauthor-datesystem.Thereareadditionalrulesforcitingindirectsources,electronicsources,andsourceswithoutpagenumbers.

（1）CitinganAuthororAuthors

AWorkbyTwoAuthors:

Namebothauthorsinthesignalphraseorintheparentheseseachtimeyoucitethework.Usetheword"

and"

betweentheauthors'

nameswithinthetextandusetheampersandintheparentheses.

ResearchbyWegenerandPetty（1994）showed....

（Wegener&

Petty,1994）

AWorkbyThreetoFiveAuthors:

Listalltheauthorsininparenthesesthefirsttimeyoucitethesource.

（Kernis,Cornell,Sun,Berry,&

Harlow,1993）

Insubsequentcitations,onlyusethefirstauthor'

slastnamefollowedby"

etal."

intheparentheses.

（Kernisetal.,1993）

（inetal.,etshouldnotbefollowedbyaperiod.）

SixorMoreAuthors:

Usethefirstauthor'

snamefollowedbyetal.inthesignalphraseorinparentheses.

Harrisetal.（2001）argued...

（Harrisetal.,2001）

UnknownAuthor:

Iftheworkdoesnothaveanauthor,citethesourcebyitstitleinthesignalphraseorusethefirstwordortwointheparentheses.Titlesofbooksandreportsareitalicizedorunderlined;

titlesofarticlesandchaptersareinquotationmarks.

Asimilarstudywasdoneofstudentslearningtoformatresearchpapers（"

UsingAPA,"

2001）.

OrganizationasanAuthor:

Iftheauthorisanorganizationoragovernmentagency,mentiontheorganizationinthesignalphraseorintheparentheticalcitationthefirsttimeyoucitethesource.

AccordingtotheAmericanPsychologicalAssociation（2000）,...

Iftheorganizationhasawell-knownabbreviation,includetheabbreviationinbracketsthefirsttimethesourceiscitedandthenuseonlytheabbreviationinlatercitations.

Firstcitation:

（MothersAgainstDrunkDriving[MADD],2000）

Secondcitation:

（MADD,2000）

TwoorMoreWorksintheSameParentheses:

Whenyourparentheticalcitationincludestwoormoreworks,orderthemthesamewaytheyappearinthereferencelist,separatedbyasemi-colon.

（Berndt,2002;

Harlow,1983）

AuthorsWiththeSameLastName:

Topreventconfusion,usefirstinitialswiththelastnames.

（E.Johnson,2001;

L.Johnson,1998）

TwoorMoreWorksbytheSameAuthorintheSameYear:

Ifyouhavetwosourcesbythesameauthorinthesameyear,uselower-caseletters（a,b,c）withtheyeartoordertheentriesinthereferencelist.Usethelower-caseletterswiththeyearinthein-textcitation.

ResearchbyBerndt（1981a）illustratedthat...

Introductions,Prefaces,Forewords,andAfterwards:

WhencitinganIntroduction,Preface,Foreword,orAfterwardin-text,citetheappropriateauthorandyearasusual.

（Funk&

Kolln,1992）

PersonalCommunication:

Forinterviews,letters,e-mails,andotherperson-to-personcommunication,citethecommunicatorsname,thefactthatitwaspersonalcommunication,andthedateofthecommunication.Donotincludepersonalcommunicationinthereferencelist.

（E.Robbins,personalcommunication,January4,2001）.

A.P.SmithalsoclaimedthatmanyofherstudentshaddifficultieswithAPAstyle（personalcommunication,November3,2002）.

（2）CitingIndirectSources

Ifyouuseasourcethatwascitedinanothersource,nametheoriginalsourceinyoursignalphrase.Listthesecondarysourceinyourreferencelistandincludethesecondarysourceintheparentheses.

Johnsonarguedthat...（ascitedinSmith,2003,p.102）.

Note:

Whencitingmaterialinparentheses,setoffthecitationwithacomma,asabove.

（3）ElectronicSources

Ifpossible,citeanelectronicdocumentthesameasanyotherdocumentbyusingtheauthor-datestyle.

Kenneth（2000）explained...

UnknownAuthorandUnknownDate:

Ifnoauthorordateisgiven,usethetitleinyoursignalphraseorthefirstwordortwoofthetitleintheparenthesesandusetheabbreviation"

n.d."

（for"

nodate"

）.

Anotherstudyofstudentsandresearchdecisionsdiscoveredthatstudentssucceededwithtutoring（"

TutoringandAPA,"

n.d.）.

（4）SourcesWithoutPageNumbers

Whenanelectronicsourcelackspagenumbers,youshouldtrytoincludeinformationthatwillhelpreadersfindthepassagebeingcited.Whenanelectronicdocumenthasnumberedparagraphs,usethe:

symbol,ortheabbreviation"

para."

followedbytheparagraphnumber（Hall,2001:

5）or（Hall,2001,para.5）.Iftheparagraphsarenotnumberedandthedocumentincludesheadings,providetheappropriateheadingandspecifytheparagraphunderthatheading.Notethatinsomeelectronicsources,likeWebpages,peoplecanusetheFindfunctionintheirbrowsertolocateanypassagesyoucite.

AccordingtoSmith（1997）,...（MindoverMattersection,para.6）.

NeverusethepagenumbersofWebpagesyouprintout;

differentcomputersprintWebpageswithdifferentpagination.

10.5FootnotesandEndnotes

FootnotesandEndnoteshavetheirownformatforthedocumentationofsources:

Insteadofthein-textparentheticalcitationusedbyAPA,endnotesandfootnotesareindicatedattheendofawordorsentencebytheuseofsmallsuperscriptnumerals.

Ifyouusemorethanonenotationwithinapageorpaper,placethenumeralsinorder（1,2,3）that