英语专八听力minilecture原文+解析.docx

英语专八听力minilecture原文+解析.docx

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英语专八听力minilecture原文+解析

2010年英语专八听力mini-lecture原文+解析

今年的讲座名为“ParalinguisticFeaturesofLanguages”，主题是辅助语言学，对于英语专业的学生来说，这个话题或许没有专门学过，但并不陌生。

讲座类的内容非常突出的特点就是逻辑性强，思路很清晰，所以在听音频做笔记的时候，要特别注意总起性质的句子。

一般来说lecture的第一段会对接下来的内容做总结介绍，如果下文划分成若干个小类别，会概括性地提到这些类别，然后在后文进行详细的例证、再分类。

第一段对给考生一个宏观性的思路非常重要，听漏掉一两点也没关系，下文必然会重新提到。

本次真题的听力原文如下，注意文章中标粗的部分，是记笔记的重点部分：

Paralinguisticfeaturesoflanguages

Goodmorning,everyone.Todaywe'llcontinueourdiscussionondescribinglanguage.Lastweekweexaminedsuchfeaturesoflanguageasgrammar,vocabulary,thesoundsoflanguage,etc.Inthislecture,we'lllookatanotherimportantaspectoflanguage.Perhapssomeofyoumaywonderwhatisthisimportantaspectoflanguage.Letmetellyou.Itreferstofeaturesofcommunicationthattakesplacewithouttheuseofgrammarandvocabulary.Theyarecalled‘paralinguisticfeaturesoflanguage'.Thesefeaturesfallintotwobroadcategories:

thosethatinvolvevoiceandthosethatinvolvethebody.

Now,thefirstcategory,iswhatwecallvocalparalinguisticfeatures.Vocalfeaturesareactuallytonesofvoice.Whiletheyare,perhaps,notcentraltomeaningincommunicationinthesamewayasgrammarorvocabulary,theymay,nevertheless,conveyattitudeorintentioninsomeway.Letmegiveyousomeexamples.Thefirstiswhispering,whichindicatestheneedsforsecrecy.Thesecondisbreathiness.Thisistoshowdeepemotion.Thethirdishuskiness,whichistoshowunimportants.Thefourthisnasality.Thisistoindicateanxiety.Thelastisextralip-rounding,whichexpressesgreaterintimacy,expeciallywithbabies,forexample.Sowecanseethatthereareanumberofwaysofalteringourtoneofvoice.Andwhenwedothisconsciously,wedoittocreatedifferenteffectsincommunication.

Now,let'scometothesecondcategory,physicalparalinguisticfeatures,whichinvolvesthebody.Inadditiontoconveymeaningswithtoneofvoice,wecanalsoexpressourintentionsthroughthewaysinwhichweuseourbodies.Youmayask:

whataretheways,then?

Letmesightsomebriefexamples.Theexpressiononourface,thegestureswemakeandevenproximityorwaywesit,aresomeofthewayswesendpowerfulmessages.Abouthowwefeel,orwhatwemean.Letmeexplainsomeoftheseinmoredetail.First,facialexpression.Facialexpressionisapowerfulconveyerofmeaning.Weallknowsmilingisanalmostuniversalsignalofpleasureorwelcome.Butthereareotherfacialexpressionsthatmaynotbesocommon.Forinstance,raisingeye-brows-suggestthatyouaresurprisedorinterestedinsomething.Otherfacialactions,suchasbitingyourlip,whichindicatesthatyouaredeepinthinking,orareuncertainaboutsomething;compressingthelips,whichshowthatyouaremakingdecisions;andavisibleclenchingoftheteeth,toshowthatyouareangry,areallpowerfulconveyersofmeaning,too.Thesecondinthiscategoryisgesture.Yousee,weusegesturetoindicateawiderangeofmeanings.ThoughIhavetoemphasizethattheactualgesturesweusemaybespecifictoparticularcultures.Thatistosaydifferentcultureshavetheirownfavoritegesturesinconveyingmeaning.Here,afewexamplesmayshowyouhowpowerfulgesturescanbe.InBritishEnglishbehavior,shruggingshouldersmayindicateanattitudeof‘Idon'tcare',or‘Idon'tknow'.Crossingyourarmsmayindicaterelaxation.Butitcanalsopowerfullyshowyouarebored.Wavingcanmeanwelcomeandfarewell.Whilescratchingyourheadmayindicatethatyouareataloss.Inothercultures,placingyourhanduponyourheartistoindicatethatyouaretellingthetruth.Pointingyourfingeratyournosemeansit'sasecret.That'swhywesaythatgesturesareculturebound.Thethirdisproximity,postureandechoing.Proximityreferstothephysicaldistancebetweenspeakers.Thiscanindicateanumberofthingsandcanalsobeusedtoconsciouslysendmessagesaboutintent.Closeness,forexample,indicatesintimacyorthreattomanyspeakers.Butdistancemayshowformality,orlackofinterest.Onceagain,I'dliketosay,proximityisalsobothamatterofpersonalstyle,andisoftenculturebound.So,whatmayseemnormaltoaspeakerfromoneculturemayappearunnecessarilycloseordistanttoaspeakerfromanother.Andstandingclosetosomeonemaybequiteappropriateinsomesituationssuchasaninformalparty,butcompletelyoutofplaceinothersituations,suchasameetingwithasuperior.Next,posture.Posturemeansthewayinwhichsomeoneholdshisorherbody,especiallytheback,shouldersandhead,whenstanding,walkingorsitting.Afewexamples.Hunchedshouldersandahangingheadgiveapowerfulindicationofwhetherthepersonishappyornot.Aloweredheadwhenspeakingtoasuperior,withorwithouteyecontactcanconveytheappropriaterelationshipinsomecultures.Ontheotherhand,directleveleyecontact,changes