Key to Supplementary ExercisesBook IItest two 2Word格式.docx
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1)背离传统需要极大的勇气。
(departure,enormous)'
2)汤姆过去很腼腆,但这次却非常勇敢能在大庭广众面前上台表演了。
(performance,bold)
3)很多教育家认为从小培养孩子的创新精神是很可取的。
(creative,desirable)
4)假设(assume)那幅画确实是名作(masterpiece),你觉得值得购买吗?
(worthwhile)
5)如果这些数据在统计上是站得住脚的,那它将会帮助我们认识正在调查的问题。
(throwlighton,investigate,valid)
1.Ittakesanenormousamountofcouragetomakeadeparturefromthetradition.
2.Tomusedtobeveryshy,butthistimehewasboldenoughtogiveaperformanceinfrontofalargeaudience.
3.Manyeducatorsthinkitdesirabletofosterthecreativespiritinthechildatanearlyage.
4.Assuming(that)thispaintingreallyisamasterpiece,doyouthinkit'
sworthwhiletobuy/purchaseit?
5.Ifthedataisstatisticallyvalid,itwillthrowlightontheproblemweareinvestigating.
TaskIIIReadingComprehension
Directions:
Thereare9shortpassagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestions.Therearefourchoicesforeachquestionandyoushoulddecideonthebestchoice
PassageOne
Thehumanbraincontains10thousandmillioncellsandeachofthesemayhaveathousandconnections.Suchenormousnumbersusedtodiscourageusandcauseustodismissthepossibilityofmakingamachinewithhuman-likeability,butnowthatwehavegrownusedtomovingforwardatsuchapace,wecanbelesssure.Quitesoon,inonly10or20yearsperhaps,wewillbeabletoassembleamachineascomplexasthehumanbrain,andifwecanwewill.Itmaythentakeusalongtimetorenderitintelligentbyloadingintherightsoftwareorbyalteringthearchitecture,butthat,too,willhappen.
Ithinkitcertainthatindecades,notcenturies,machinesofsiliconwillarisefirsttorivalandthenexceedtheirhumanancestors.Oncetheyexceedustheywillbecapableoftheirowndesign.Inarealsensetheywillbeabletoreproducethemselves.Siliconwillhaveendedcarbon'
slongcontrol.Andwewillnolongerbeabletoclaimourselvestobethefinestintelligenceintheknownuniverse.
Astheintelligenceofrobotsincreasestomatchthatofhumansandastheircostdeclinesthrougheconomiesofscalewemayusethemtoexpandourfrontiers,firstonearththroughtheirabilitytowithstandenvironments,harmfultoourselves.Thus,desertsmaybloomandtheoceanbedsbemined.Furtherahead,byacombinationofthegreatwealththisnewagewillbringandthetechnologyitwillprovide,theconstructionofavast,man-createdworldinspace,hometothousandsormillionsofpeople,willbewithinourpower.
1.Inwhatwaycanwemakeamachineintelligent?
A)Bymakingitworkinsuchenvironmentsasdeserts,oceansorspace.
B)Byworkinghardfor10or20years.
C)Byeitherproperlyprogrammingitorchangingitsstructure.
D)Byreproducingit.
2.Whatdoesthewriterthinkaboutmachineswithhuman-likeability?
A)Hebelievestheywillbeusefultohumanbeings.
B)Hebelievesthattheywillcontrolusinthefuture.
C)Heisnotquitesureinwhatwaytheymayinfluenceus.
D)Hedoesn'
tconsidertheconstructionofsuchmachinespossible.
3.Theword"
carbon"
(Sentence4,Paragraph2)standsfor________
A)intelligentrobots
B)achemicalelement
C)anorganicsubstance
D)humanbeings
4.Arobotcanbeusedtoexpandourfrontierswhen_______
A)itsintelligenceandcostarebeyondquestion
B)itisabletobeartheroughenvironment
C)itismadeascomplexasthehumanbrain
D)itsarchitectureisdifferentfromthatofthepresentones
5.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat_________.
A)aftertheinstallationofagreatnumberofcellsandconnections,robotswillbecapableofself-production
B)withtherapiddevelopmentoftechnology,peoplehavecometorealizethepossibilityofmakingamachinewithhuman-likeability
C)oncewemakeamachineascomplexasthehumanbrain,itwillpossessintelligence
D)robotswillhavecontrolofthevast,man-madeworldinspace
PassageTwo
AnewstudybyUSresearcherssuggeststhattheocean,inparticulartheepicebbsandflowsofsealevelandsediment(沉积)overthecourseofgeologicaltime,istheprimarycauseoftheworld'
speriodicmassextinctionsoverthepast500millionyears.
"
TheexpansionsandcontractionsofthoseenvironmentshaveprettyprofoundeffectsonlifeonEarth,"
saysassistantprofessorofgeologyandgeophysicsattheUniversityofWisconsin-Madison,whoistheauthorofthenewreportpublishedinthelatestissueofthejournalNature.
Inshort,saystheprofessor,changesinoceanenvironmentsrelatedtosealevelexertadrivinginfluenceonratesofextinction,whichanimalsandplantssurviveorvanish,andgenerallydeterminethecomposition(结构)oflifeintheoceans.
SincetheadventoflifeonEarth3.5billionyearsago,scientiststhinktheremayhavebeenasmanyas23massextinctionevents.Duringthepast540millionyears,therehavebeenfivewell-documentedmassextinctions,primarilyofmarineplantsandanimals,withasmanyas75~95percentofspecieslost.
Forthemostpart,scientistshavebeenunabletopindownthecausesofsuchdramaticevents.Inthecaseofthedemise(消亡)ofthedinosaurs,scientistshaveasmokinggun,animpactcrater(火山口)thatsuggestsdinosaurswerewipedoutastheresultofalargeasteroid(行星)crashingintotheplanet.Butthecausesofothermassextinctioneventshavebeenmurky,atbest.
ArnoldMiller,aprofessorofgeologyattheUniversityofCincinnati,saysthenewstudyisstrikingbecauseitestablishesaclearrelationshipbetweenthetempoofmassextinctioneventsandchangesinsealevelandsediment.
ThenewWisconsinstudy,Peterssays,doesnotpreclude(排除)otherinfluenceuponextinctionsuchasphysicaleventslikevolcaniceruptionsorkillerasteroids,orbiologicalinfluencessuchasdiseaseandcompetitionamongspecies.Butwhatitdoesdo,heargues,istoprovideacommonlinkformassextinctioneventsoverasignificantstretchofEarthhistory.
6.Whatdoesthephrase〝thoseenvironment〞refertointhebeginningofthesecondparagraph?
A)Periodicmassextinctions.
B)Flowsofsealevel.
C)Sediment.
D)Oceanenvironments.
7.Accordingtothepassage,mostofthemassextinctionsare
A)well-knowntoscientists
B)adequately-documented
C)well-recordedinthepast540millionyears
D)notwell-recorded
8.1tcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat___________.
A)scientistshavefoundoutthecausesofmostmassextinctions
B)theasteroidcrashingintotheEarthispinneddownasthecauseofmostmassextinctions
C)mostmassextinctionsarecausedbyimpactcraterssuchasthevanishingofdinosaurs
D)thecausesofmostmassextinctionsarestillunknowntoscientists
9.Thenewstudyisquiteimpressiveas.
A)itprovidesthecausesofmassextinctions
B)itsuggeststhecausesofmassextinctionsandthechangesofoceanenvironments
C)itexcludesotherinfluencesonextinctions
D)itinvolvesphysicalandbiologicalinfluencesonextinctions
10.Accordingtothepassage,theauthor'
sattitudeis
A)negativeB)criticalC)positiveD)satiric
PassageThree
Themostnoticeabletrendamongtoday'
smediacompaniesisverticalintegration.
—anattempttocontrolseveralrelatedaspectsofthemediabusinessatonce,eachparthelpingtheother.Besidespublishingmagazinesandbooks,TimeWarner,forexample,ownsHomeBoxOffice(HBO),Warnermoviestudios,variouscableTVsystemsthroughouttheUnitedStatesandCNNaswell.TheJapanesecompanyMatsushitaownsMCARecordsandUniversalStudiosandmanufacturesbroadcastproductionequipment.
Todescribethefinancialstatusoftoday'
smediaisalsototalkaboutacquisitions.Themediaarebuyingandsellingeachotherinunprecedentednumbersandformingmediagroupstopositionthemselvesinthemarketplacetomaintainandincreasetheirprofits.In1986,thefirsttimeabroadcastnetworkhadbeensold,twonetworksweresoldthatyear一ABCandNBC.
Mediaacquisitionshaveskyrocketedsince1980fortworeasons.Thefirstisthatmostbigcorporationstodayarepubliclytradedcompanies,whichmeansthattheirstockistradedononeofthenation'
sstockexchanges.Thismakesacquisitionsrelativelyeasy.
Amediacompanythatwantstobuyapubliclyownedcompanycanbuythatcompany'
sstockwhenthest