英国文学简史笔记(完整版).docx

英国文学简史笔记(完整版).docx

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Chapter1

伊丽莎白统治之前的时代分为三个阶段：

古英语（安格鲁撒克逊）时期，中世纪英语（安格鲁诺曼）时期，伊丽莎白统治前时期。

大不列颠岛相继被卡尔特人、罗马人和安格鲁撒克逊人占据。

【TheOldEnglish（Anglo-Saxon）Period】

²TheBritishcivilizationisoneoftheoldestintheworld.

sign:

theStonehenge（巨石阵）

prehistoricmonumentalpileofstones

lCelts（凯尔特人）wereprobablythefirstinhabitantsoftheBritishIslesinrecordedhistory.

lOneoftheirtribes,theBritons（不列颠人），cameoverinthe5thcenturyBC.

亚瑟王传奇Arthurianlegends500years

RomanConquest,JuliusCaesar（尤里乌斯凯撒）55BC

500years

Anglo-SaxonConquest,5thcentury

lIn597ADtheAnglo-SaxonsbegantobeconvertedtoChristianity.

paganelements/regularelements

religionelements

lInthesecondhalfofthe7thcentury,thefirstEnglishpoet,Caedmonbyname，begantosing.

lAnothercenturypassed,Beowulf.

lInthe9thcentury,KingAlfreddecidedthatliteratureshouldbewritteninthevernacular（方言）ofOldEnglish.

²WiththearrivalofSt.Augustinein597ADandthesubsequentspreadofChristianinfluenceandclassicallearning,heathenpoetrywasmaneuveredoutofthescene.

latimeofintermingling（过渡时期）ofthepaganwiththeChristiancomponentsinpoetry.

l安格鲁撒克逊时期唯一完整的诗歌：

Beowulf：

1.ThenationalepicofEnglishpeople,apaganpoem

2.Anepicofwellover3000lines.

3.ThegreatestepiceverleftbytheancientGermanictribes.

4.ThemostancienteversincethedemiseoftheGreekandRomanliteratures.

5.TheonlyorganicwholepoemtocomeoutoftheAnglo-Saxonperiod.

6.ThestorytakesplaceinScandinavia,nomentionofEngland.

7.AngloSaxon’searlylifeinEngland

Theme:

Thepoemtellsthestoryofa6thcenturyhero,Beowulf.Itisbasicallyatwo-partnarrative——Beowulf’sfightwiththesea-monstersGrendelandhismotherinthefirstpart,andhiskillingafierydragonandhisdeathinthesecond.

1.humandesireforsomesuperpowertoconquernature.

2.greattraditionofrealism（现实主义传统）

Versification:

1.PaganstoryhasanChristianoverlay（覆盖物，表面）.

（作诗法）ThemixtureofpaganandChristianelements

2.usingofkenning（一种描写手法）e.g.:

seaisoften“swan’sway”or“whale-path.

3.conspiciousoccurrenceofalliteration（头韵）.

4.narratorofthepoem,the“I”isaminstrel/scop/gleeman（吟游诗人）

5.story’sdigressivemannerofnarration.

6.elevatedtone（提高的音调）.

7.theuseofmetaphorsandunderstatements

²Thenthepaganwassuperseded（超过）bythereligiousspirit,andminstrels（吟游诗人）gavewaytolearnedmen.

²Caedmon（凯德蒙）:

thefirstknownpoetinEnglishliteraryhistory.

²TheEcclesiasticalHistoryofEngland（英格兰教会史）bythevenerableBede（比得）.

欧洲最早的编年史：

Anglo-SaxonChronicle（编年史）foundedbyKingAlfredtheGreat（阿尔弗雷德大帝）.

【Medieval（中世纪）Literature:

abriefintroduction】

²1066NormanConquest:

markedthebeginningoftheMiddleEnglishorAnglo-Normanperiod.（1066-1400）

þIn1066,____,withhisNormanarmy,succeededininvadinganddefeatingEngland.

A.WilliamtheConquerorB.JuliusCaesar

C.AlfredtheGreatD.Claudius

þAftertheNormanConquest,threelanguagesexistedinEnglandatthattime.TheNormansspoke_____.

A.FrenchB.EnglishC.LatinD.Swedish

Thechangesandreplacementofdynastyandgovernment:

lTheNormanlineofkings

90years

l1154Angevinkings

KingHenryⅡandhisdescendants245years

l1399TheHouseofLancaster

²Fewoccurrencesofhistoricmagnitude:

lTheEstablishmentoftheFeudalSystem（封建制）

lWilliamtheConquerorgrabbedAnglo-Saxonlandbyforceandgaveittohisnoblesandfollowers.

lThe1381PeasantUprising（农民起义）

lLedbyWatTylerofKentandJackStrawofEssex

l1086TheCompletionoftheDomesdayBook（末日审判书）

lAhistoricalrecordofAnglo-Saxoninstitutions,customs,andwayoflife

lTheLaunchingoftheCrusades.（十字军东征）

lAseriousofwarsbetweenChristiansandtheMuslims（1096-1270）

lThefirstcommunicationbetweeneastandwest

l1215ThesigningoftheMagnaCarter.（大宪章）

lKingJohnwasforcedtorecognizetherightsofthepowerfulbarons.（男爵）

（Duke公Marquis侯Count伯Viscount子Baron爵）

lAsignificanteventinthelongdeclineofthemonarchy

l1337-1453TheWarwithFranceortheHundredYears’War（英法战争）

lNormanandAnglo-Saxonelementsbegantocoalesceintoonenation,andth