外文文献翻译封面格式及要求模版.docx
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外文文献翻译封面格式及要求模版
毕业论文外文文献翻译
院系:
经济与管理系
年级专业:
2011级国际经济与贸易
姓名:
某某某
学号:
112041101
附件:
AustralianExportsofDairyProducts:
ChallengesandOpportunities
指导老师评语:
指导教师签名:
2014年12月10日
备注:
(注意:
备注页这一整页的内容都不需要打印,看懂了即可)
1.从所引用的与毕业设计(论文)内容相近的外文文献中选择一篇或一部分进行翻译(不少于3000实词);
2.外文文献翻译的装订分两部分,第一部分为外文文献,页码从正文开始到英文结束;第二部分为该外文文献的中文翻译,页码重新从正文开始到结束,中英文两部分之间用分页符隔开。
也就是说,第一外文文献部分结束后,使用分页符,另起一页开始翻译。
3.格式方面,外文文献的格式,除了字体统一使用Timesnewroman之外,其他所有都跟中文论文的格式一样。
中文翻译的格式,跟中文论文的格式一样。
(注意:
备注页这一整页的内容都不需要打印,看懂了即可,定稿后,请删除本页.)
【Abstract】ExportsofdairyproductsarebecomingincreasinglyimportantintermsofexportearningsforAustralia.TheindustryisthefourthexchangeearnercomparedtoallAustralia'sfoodexports.However,Australianexportsofdairyproductsaccountforabout67percentofthetotalAustralianproductionofdairyproducts,andabout13percentoftotalworldexportsofdairyproducts.About68percentofAustraliandairyproductsexportsaresoldonAsianmarkets.ThepurposeofthispaperistoexaminethechallengingissuesandopportunitiesforAustralianexportsofdairyproductsonworldmarketsandtoidentifypotentialandemergingexportmarketsforAustraliandairyproducts.Australiaisitsaccesstoworlddairyproductmarketsbytheimpactofexportsubsidiesandothertradebarriersofoverseasmarkets.ThecurrentcconomicandpoliticalcrisesinAsiaarealsonotfavourabletomaintainexportsalesonsomeoftheAsianmarkets.TheexportsupportschcmeinAustraliaoftheschemeafterJune2000,willreduceproductionandexportsby6and20percent,respectivelyintheshortrun.However,inthelongrun,resourceswillbeefficientlyusedwithoutgovernmentinterventionandAustraliandairyproductswillalsobccompetitivconthedomesticmarket.ThereisscopeforgreatermarketopportunitiesintheemergingmarketsinAsiaandotherpartsoftheworldforAustraliandairyproducts.Australiawillalsobcnefitfromtheagreementoninternationaltradethatdirectsexportingcountriestoreduceexportsubsidyandremovenon-tarifftradebarriersonexportsofdairyproducts.Australiashouldimplementappropriatcmeasurestoincreasethemilkyieldperww,toimprovethequalityofdairyproductsandtoidentifytheneedformarketpromotionandrescarchinordertoincreasethevolumeofdairyproductexportsonworldmarkets,especiallyinAsiaandothcrpotentialmarketssuchasMiddleEast,Africa,EuropeandtheAmericas.
【Keywords】Australia,DairyMilk
(本页为英文文献摘要,关键词两项一起单独一页,字体为:
Times New Roman,小四号,1.5倍行距)
.DAIRYPRODUCTSINDUSTRYINAUSTRALIA
DairymanufacturingisoneofAustralia'sleadingdairyindustries.Intermsofforeignexchangeearnings,theindustryranksfourth(aftermeat,wheatandsugar)comparedtoallAustralia'sfoodexports(ADIC,1996).TherealgrossvalueofproductionwasestimatedatA$1.7billionin1997,accountingforabout66percentofthecombinedvalueofmarketandmanufacturingmilkatthefarmgate.ThetotalrealvalueofAustralianexportsofdairyproductswasabout$A1.3billionin1996,andrepresentedabout8percentoftotalfarmexports.Likewise,Australia'sdairyexportscontributedabout2percenttototalAustralianexportsin1995-96(Doucouliagos,1997).However,Australiaworldpriceasitsshareaccountedforabout13percentofworldtradein1996.
ManufacturingmilkisproducedinallstatesinAustralia,andtherearesignificantregionaldifferencesintheproductionofdairyingduetoclimaticandnaturalresourcesthatarefavorabletodairyingtobeproducedbasedonyearroundpasturegrazing(NSWA,1996-97).In1997,nationalmilkproductionwasestimatedat9billionlitres,andNewSouthWalesissecondbehindVictoria,accountingfor13percentand62percent,respectivelyofthenation'sannualmilkproduction(ABARE,1997).Totalmilkproductionincreasedatanaverageofabout4.7percentbetween1988and1997.About7.1billionlitresofmilkwereusedformanufacturingpurposes,accountingforabout79percentofthetotalmilkproduction.Victoriaaccountsfor79percent,Tasmania6percent,andNSW5percentofthetotaldairyproductsproducedinthecountry(ADC,1997).
Theproductionofdairyproductsrecordedanaverageincreaseof8.8percentbetween1988and1997.However,Australianexportsofdairyproductsasaproportionoftotalproductionincreasedonaverageby0.4percentoverthesameperiod.Thiswasduetoworldsurplusproductionofdairyproductsasaresultofdomesticindustrysupportbysomeoftheworld'slargestproducers(EUandUSA).Subsidisedexportsofdairyproductsaccountforabout50percentofgloballytradeddairyproducts,andthislowersinternationalmarketpricesofdairyproducts(ADIC,1997).Australianproductionofdairyproductsaccountedforabout4percentoftotalworldproduction,andabout13percentoftotalworldexportsales.Thus,pricetakercountriessuchasAustraliaareadverselyaffectedbytheexportablesurplusesofdairyproductsdirectedtoworldmarketsbymajorexportingcountries.
TheexpansionofmilkproductioninAustraliaincreaseinthenumberofdairycows.Thenumberofdaqcowsincreasedfrom1,714,0001988to2,046,0001997,anaverageincreaseofabout1.9percent.Themilkyieldpercowalsorecordedanaverageincreaseofabout2percentoverthesameperiod.However,themilkyieldpercowdeclinedbyabout5percentin1997comparedto1996.Thisisattributedtodroughtandotheradverseweatherconditionsexperiencedbymanydairy-producingregions.
Australia'sdairyproductsindustryandexportssincethecountryiswellendowedwithnaturalresourcesnecessarytoincreasedairyproduction.Italsobasedonyearroundpastureproduction.Inaddition,Australia'sdairyfarmsarefamilyownedandoperated,and.Thus,Australiaisconsideredasoneoftheefficient,lowcostmilkproducingcountries(ADC,1997).Thecountrymarkets,whicharethemajorimportersofAustraliandairyproducts.Thedomesticproductioncapacityandtheexportsofdairyproductsarepositivelyrelated.Accordingly,thevolumeofexportscouldbeincreasedthroughtheexpansionofmanufacturingmilkproductionbyincreasingthenumberofdairyefforttoundertakemarketingpromotionandresearchtocapturesizeablemarketsharesinthepotentialandemergingmarkets.AstudycarriedoutbyABAREinAustraliawillincreasebyabout3percentayeartothe1999-2000fiscalyear.Thisattributedmainlytotheestimatedincreaseinthenumberofdairymustbeavailablesothatbuyersandsellersareawareoftheproductionandpricingarrangements(KidaneandGunawardana,Downloadedby[TheUniversityofBritishColumbia]at00:
3510June20131997,p.37).Thus,producersandconsumerswouldperformtheirfunctionsefficiently,andpricesandqualityofdairyproductswillbecompetitive.Toassistinmeetingthesemarketcriteria,thegovernmentDairyIndustryCouncil(ADIC),ProductsFederationInc.(ADPF),AustraliaDairyFarmers'FederationLtd.(ADFF),MarketMilkFederationofAustraliaInc.(MMFA),AustralianDairyCorporation(ADC)andDairyResearchDevelopmentCorporation(DRDC).Theseorganisationsareexpectedamongotherthingstodisseminatemarketinformationandcoordinateproductionandmarketactivities.Forexample,someofthemajorobjectivesoftheADCaretoimprovethedomesticmarketfordairypioducts;toprovidetechnicalandproductadvicetoemergingmarkets;toundertakearangeofexportpromotionactivitiesinoverseasmarkets;andinternationalpromotionfocusedongrowingAsianmarketssuchasJapan,HongKong,China,Vietnam,Singapore,etc.(ADIC,1996).Thefarmgatepricinganddomesticmilksupportschemesarediscussedbelow.
(i)FarmGatePricing
Thegovernmentdoesnotmanufacturingproducts.Themanufacturingmilkpricesarebasedonbothmilkfatandprotein,andpaymenttofarmersbyprocessorsalsodependsonthequality,volumesandseasonalincentives.Highpricesareofferedtofarmersbyfactoriestoencouragethemtomaintainproductionduringthedryperiod.
Mostmanufacturersofferdifferentpricesastheirprofitsareaffectedbyfactorssuchasproductmix,marketingstrategiesandprocessingefficiencies(NSWA,1996-97).Consequently,farmgatepricespaidformanufacturingmilkarelowerthanthepricespaidformarketmilk.
(ii)DomesticMilkSupportScheme
PriortoJuly1,1995,themarketingofmanufactureddairyproductswerefundedbyalevyonallAustralianmilkproductionundertheMarketSupportScheme(CreanPlan).Theschemeraiseddomesticfarmgatepricesformanufacturingmilkaboveinternationalpricesbyabout2centsalitre.However,followingtheUruguayRoundagreementonmanufactureddairyproducts,Australiaintroducedaschemeknownas'DomesticMarketSupportScheme(DMS)'onJuly1,1995.ThenewschemethatisadministeredbytheAustralianDairyCorporationimposescompulsoryleviesbothonmarketmilkandmanufacturingmilkforsalesonthedomesticmarket.In1997-98,theratesoftheselevieswereabout1.9and3.8centsperlitre,respectively(ADC,1997).Thefundsraisedbytheseleviesaretargetedtomakedomesticsupportpaymenttofarmerswhoproducemanufacturingmilk.Thisschemeprovidesincentivestofarmerstoincreaseproductionofmilkusedindairyproductsforexportmarkets.However,thisextendedmarketarrangementwillceaseattheendofJune2000,andlikemanyotherindustries,thedairyindustrywillreceiveCommonwealthassistanceestimatedat5percentintarifftermsafterJune2000.In199596,thisimplicitexportsubsidyincreasedgrossreturnsonmanufacturingmilkbyabout7percent(IndustryCommission,1997).Thistheproductionofdairying.
However,itispredictedthatthe