11Recognizing signal words文档格式.docx

11Recognizing signal words文档格式.docx

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unlike

despite

yet

otherwise

differentfrom

ratherthan

opposite

while

eventhough

incontrast

whereas

ontheotherhand

Comparisonwords

Whenyoureadthesewords,youcaninferthatthewritercomparestwosidesandpointouttheirsimilarity.Thenthesewordsguideyouoninthesamedirection.Forexample,whenyouread,

1.Mybrotherwastaughttowritebymymother;

similarly…

2.Politicsisadeleteriousprofession,likesomepoisonoushandicrafts.

Inthefirstexample,theword“similarly”makesitquickerandsafertomoveonreadingbecauseyouknowthatsomethingsimilarorrepetitiveistofollow.Inthesecondone,thecomparisonwith“like”helpreadersformmorevividimageofpolitics.

like

equally

similarity

same

likewise

inthesameway

justas

analogousto

just

alike

asinasimilarfashion

also

AdditionalWords

Likecontrastwords,thisgroupofwordsbecomesignalstopresenttwoormoreideas.Butdifferentfromthecontrastones,theideascontinuealongthesamelineofthoughtasapreviousidea.Therefore,theycanbetreatedasawarningthattherearemoreideastocome.

1.Ourlandlordrecentlyrepaintedourapartment.Also,hereplacedourfaultyairconditioner.

2.Bicyclingisagoodexercise;

moreover,itdoesn'

tpollutetheair.

Theword“also”signalsthatthelandlorddidsomeadditionalthingsand“moreover”otheradvantageofbicycling.

Additionalwordsaretypicallyusedtosignalenumerations.Youcanfindtheminthefollowingchart:

furthermore

first

thus

fistofall

moreover

equallyimportant

therefore

lastofall

atthesametime

accordingly

and

inaddition

asaresult

finally

another

next

because

foronething

consequently

since

Time-sequenceWords

Thesequencewordssignalthatthewritertellsusagroupofthingsoreventsarrangedinanorderespeciallyfollowingoneanotherintime.Moreoverthewriteralsomakesclearthedatesortimesofdaytomarktheordereventstakeplace.Itiseasiertohelpreaderstounderstandtheinformationthatispresentedinsomekindofsequence.Therefore,whenyouseethesewordsinreading,youknowthereisanordertotheseideasorwhensomethinghappens.Youmayread,

Iamopposedtostate-supportedlotteriesforanumberofreasons.Firstofall,bysupportinglotteries,statesaresupportinggambling.AnotherobjectionIhaveis…Last...

“Firstofall”,“another”and“last”inthissentencehelpyoukeepthewriter’sideasordered.

afterashorttime

ultimately

soon

inthefuture

eventually

subsequently

immediately

before

afterwards

atlast

during

inthepast

meanwhile

atthebeginning

secondly

superior

firstly

beneathallelse

forth

aboveallelse

third

fourthly

second

thirdly

inferior

IllustrationWords

Whetherideasaresimpleorcomplex,theycanbebetterunderstoodifthewritergivesanexampleoranillustration.Thentheillustrationwordssignalthatexamplesorillustrationwillfollowtoclarify,define,explain,ordevelopanideaorageneralization.

1.Weabsorbradiationfrommanysourcesinourenvironment;

forexample,colorTVsetsandmicrowaveovens,amongotherthings,giveofflow-levelradiation.

2.OnHalloweennight,childrenoftendressdifferentcostumeslikesomecharacterssuchasprincess,pirates,vampire,spidermanandsoon.

Theexamplesledby“forexample”and“suchas”maketheideaaboutradiationmoreclearlyunderstoodandaccepted.Therefore,whenanideaorconceptisdifficultandyouseeoneofthesesignalwords,youshouldtakenoticeandknowthisiswhattheprinciplemeansinreality.

forexample

once

inotherwords

specifically

suchas

namely

forinstance

incidentally

toillustrate

infact

thatistosay

inthesamewayas

similarto

muchlike

Cause-effectWords

Whenyoucomeacrosssomedifficultmaterial,itiseasierforyoutounderstandthecontentwhenthewriterpresentsthereasonsforit.Thecausewordstellusthatthewriterwilldescribethereasonorexplainwhysomethinghashappenedorwillhappen.Forexample,youmayread“Thetemperancemovementinthiscountrysoughttobanalcohol,”youmightnotknowhoworwhyorevenquestionthefact.Butifthewritergoesontoadd“becausedrinkingliquorledtoviolence,poverty,prostitution,andinsanity.”,youwouldfindtheinformationeasiertounderstandandaccept.

SevenwomenwerehonoredlastweekinWashingtonfortheireffortstoexpanddemocracyandwomen'

srightsintheircountries.

Theword“for”providesyouwiththereasonwhythesevenwomenwerehonored.Whenyouseethesewords,itisnecessaryforyoutotelltherelationshipofthepartsbeforeandafterthesignalsandtellwhichiscauseoreffect.

whether

for

resultingfrom

if

inorderthat

that

from

unless

as

then

of

dueto

sothat

until

so

without

SummaryorConclusionWords

Afterawritermakesapointormanypoints,especiallyattheendofaparagraph,apassage,orachapter,hewillrephrasehismainideasorconcludehisworksinawaythatremainsconsistentwithwhathehaswritten.Mostoften,theytrytofinishbyusingthemostaccurateandstrongestpoint,argumentorstatement.Thesummaryorconclusionwordssignalthataconclusionorsummaryistobeexpected.

1.Thechildrencouldplayaslongastheyliked,theyhadnoworktodo,andnobodyscoldedthem,inshort,theywerehappy.

2.Fishdiewhenlakesarecontaminatedwithacidrain.Thedangersinourenvironmentwilleventuallyaffectalllifeonearth.Therefore,wemustpayattentiontotheseearlywarningsignals.Ifwedon'

t,wemaydie,asdidthefish.

Thephrase“inshort”and“therefore”signalthatthemainpointofwhateverhasbeensaidbeforeisabouttobesummarized.

fromwhathasbeensaid

inshort

onthewhole

inbrief

insummary

simplyput

hence

inconclusion

toconclude

EmphasisWords

Theemphasiswordsarefrequentlyusedwhenthewriterwantstoshowyouthataparticularideaordetailisespeciallyimportant,justlikemarkerstoplaces.Thinkofsuchwordsasredflagsthatthewriterisusingtomakesureyoupayattentiontoanidea.

1.Oneofthemostimportantassumptionsofeconomicsisthatthetotalhumanwantscanneverbesatisfied.

2.Ifyouwanttoliveahappylife,rememberthatyoualwayslookatthepositivesideoflife.

Itisveryobviouswiththephrase“themostimportant”and“rememberthat”youknowwhatisimportantandnecessarytoread.

importanttonote

rememberthat

adistinctivequality

especiallyvaluable

aboveall

akeyfeature

thechieffactor

aprimaryconcern

theprincipalitem

mostofall

amajorevent

especiallyrelevant

mostnoteworthy

acentralissue

themainvalue

avitalforce

themostsubstantialissue

payparticularattentionto

asignificantfactor

achiefoutcome

itshouldbenoted

Inadditiontothewords,thewritersometimesusesnonwordformstosignalemphasis.Herearesomeoftheforms:

exclamationpoint（!

）,

underline,

italics,

boldtype,

subheads,likeTheConclusion

indentationofparagraph

graphicillustrations

numberedpoints（1,2,3）

veryshortsentence:

Stopwar.

“quotationmarks”

M