四英语四级模拟考范文Word文档下载推荐.docx
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PaperfromWood
Inordertomakewoodintopaperitneedstobebrokendownintofinestrands.Firstlybypowerfulmachineryandthenboiledwithstrongalkaliessuchascausticsoda,untilafinepulpofcellulosefibersisproduced.Itisfromthispulpthatthefinalproductismade,relyingonthebondingtogetherofthecelluloseintolayers.That,inaverysmallnutshell,istheessenceofpapermakingfromwood.However,therealityisrathermorecomplicated.Inordertogiveusourwhitepaperandcard,themakerswilladdbleachandothermaterialssuchaschinaclayandadditionalchemicals.
Afurtherproblemwithwoodisthatitcontainsamaterialthatisnotcellulose.Somethingcalledlignin.Thisisessentialforthetreesinceitholdsthecellulosefibrestogether,butifitisincorporatedintothemanufacturedpaperitpresentsarchivistswithaproblem.Lignineventuallybreaksdownandreleasesacidproductsintothepaper.Thiswillweakenthebondbetweenthecellulosefibersandthepaperwillbecomebrittleandlookratherbrownandcareworn.Wehaveallseenthisinoldnewspapersandcheappaperbackbooks.Ithasbeenestimatedthatmostpaperbackbookswillhavealifeofnotgreaterthanfiftyyears.Notwhatweneedforourarchives.
Sincethelignincanberemovedfromthepaperpulpduringmanufacture,theobviousquestionis"
whyisitleftinthepaper?
"
Theanswerliesinthefactthatligninmakesupaconsiderablepartofthetree.Byleavingthelignininthepulpapapermakercanincreasehispaperyieldfromatreetosome95%.Removingitmeansayieldofonly35%.Itisclearlyuneconomictoremovetheligninformanypaperandcardapplications.
Italsomeans,ofcourse,thatlignin-freepaperisgoingtobemoreexpensive,butthatisneverthelesswhatthearchivistmustlookforinhissupplies.Thereisnopointwhatsoeverincarefullyplacingourvaluableartifactsinpaperorcardthatisgoingtohastentheirdemise.Acidisparticularlyharmfultophotographicmaterials,causingthemtofadeandissomecasessimplyvanish!
So,howdowetellapieceofsuitablepaperorcardfromonethatisunsuitable?
Youcannotdoitbysimplylooking,andratherdisappointingly,youcannotalwaysrelyonthelabel."
Acid-free"
mightbetrueinasmuchasatestonthepapermay
indicatethatitisaneutralmaterialatthistime.Butlignincantakeyearsbeforeitstartstheinevitableprocessofbreakingdown,andintherightconditionsitwillspeedupenormously.
Addedtothis,asIhaveindicatedearlier,papermayalsocontainothermaterialsaddedduringmanufacturesuchasbleach,chinaclay,chemicalwhitenersandsize.Thislookslikeableakpicture,anditwouldbebutforthefactthattherearesupplierswhowillguaranteethematerialthattheysell.Ifyouwanttobeabsolutelysurethatyouarestoringin,orprintingon,thecorrectmaterialthenthisisprobablytheonlyway.
Incidentally,acidscanmigratefrommaterialtomaterial.Liningoldshoeboxeswithgoodqualityacid-freepaperwilldolittletoguardthecontents.Theacidwillgetthereintheend.
PaperfromRag
Paperisalsocommonlymadefromcottonandragwaste.Thishastheadvantageofbeinglignin-free,butbecausethereismuchlesscottonandragthantrees,italsotendstobemuchmoreexpensivethanwoodpulppaper.Youwillstillneedto
purchasefromareliablesourcethough,sinceevenragpaperandcardcancontainundesirableadditives.
Areliablesourceforqualityragpapersisarecognizedartstockiest.Manywatercolorartistsinsistonusingonlyfinequalityragpaperandboard.
Themainlessontolearnfromthisinformationisthatyoucannotrelyonpurchasingarchivalmaterialsfromthehighstreet.Theonlysafesolutionistopurchasefromspecialistsuppliers.Itmaycostrathermore,butintheendyouwillknowthatyourimportantandvaluabledataandimageshavethebesthomepossible.
第2题Thecorn-flakepacketischeaperthan__
[A]highgradecard
[B]middlegradecard
[C]lowgradecard
[D]anygradecard
第3题Therearealotofmaterialswhichcanbeusedformakingpaper,butthesuperiorityonesare__
[A]woods,cottonsandgrasses
[B]softwoodandcotton
[C]softwood,cottonandrags
[D]cottonsandgrasses
第4题Duringthewholemanufacturingprocess,thefinalproductismadefrom
[A]strongalkalies
[B]causticsoda
[C]cellulosefibres
[D]apulpofcellulosefibres
第5题Inordertomakewhitepaperandcard,themakerswilladd__
[A]albescent
[B]bleach
[C]escharotic
[D]lysozyme
第6题_____isessentialforthetreebutitwillmakepapereasytobreak.
[A]Acid
[B]Alkali
[C]Cellulosefibres
[D]Liguin
第7题Manypaperproducerswillpreserveligninduringmanufacture,because__
[A]leavingtheligninwilldecreasehispaperyield
[B]leavingtheligninwillmakemorepaperfromatree
[C]liguinisveryusefulintheprocess
[D]ligninisessentialformakingpaper
第8题__isparticularlyharmfultophotographicmaterials,
[A]Liguin
[B]Bleach
[C]Acid
[D]Chemicalwhiteners
第9题Iftheligninisremovedfromthepaper,thepaperwillbe___________
第10题Althoughfreeoflignin,papermadefromcottonandragwastecanalsocostmoremoneythanwoodpulppaperbecause___________
第11题Whatwecanlearnfrom"
PaperfromRag"
isthatyouhadbetterbuyarchivalmaterials___________
PartIIIListeningComprehension(35minutes)
SectionA
11.[A]1016.
[B]1060.
[C]508.
[D]580.
12.[A]Fatheranddaughter.
[B]Uncleandniece.
[C]Auntandnephew.
[D]Cousins.
13.[A]Shewasn’tinvited.
[B]Shewasn’treadytocome.
[C]Shealteredherdecision.
[D]Sheforgottheinvitation.
14.[A]Thedoorneedsrepairing.
[B]Hehadlostallhiskeys.
[C]Hecouldn’topenthedoor.
[D]Hewantedthewomantohelphim.
15.[A]She’sratherhappytohearso.
[B]She’sdisappointedtohearso.
[C]She’sunhappytohearso.
[D]She’ssurprisedtohearso.
16.[A]Hethoughtitwasagoodcar.
[B]Hethoughtitwastoonoisy,
[C]Hethoughttherewassomethingwrongwiththecar.
[D]Hedidn’tlikeit.
17.[A]Inacar.
[B]Inatrain,
[C]Inaship.
[D]Inaplane.
18.[A]She’llgototheconcert.
[B]She’llhaveameeting.
[C]She’llwatchherneighbor’schildren.
[D]She’llvisitherneighbor.
Questions19to22arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard.
19.[A]Theearlyhistoryofbookbinding.
[B]Howoldbooksbecomevaluable.
[C]Economicalwaystoprotectoldbooks.
[D]Whysomebooksdecay.
20.[A]Theyareoftenhandledimproperlybyreaders.
[B]Thepaperisdestroyedbychemicals.
[C]Theinkusedinprintingdamagesthepaper.
[D]Theglueusedinthebindinglosesitsstrength.
21.[A]Theyaredifficulttoread.
[B]Theyareslowlyfallingapart
[C]Theywerenotmadefromwoodpulp.
[D]Theyshouldbestoredinacoldplace.
22.[A]Getsomebooksforthemantolookat.
[B]Askthemantolookoverhernotes.
[C]Continueherresearchinthelibrary.
[D]Findmoreinformationonhowbooksarepreserved.
Questions23to25arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard.
23.[A]Whichmajorthewomanwillbechoosing.
[B]Ananthropologycoursethewomanistaking,
[C]Howtofindajobinpublishing.
[D]whichanthropologyprofessorsthemanrecommends.
24.[A]Itisnotasdifficultasshehadthoughtitwonldbe.
[B]Shewouldlikeherprofessortoexplainitmoreclearly.
[C]Shetookaclassonitlastsemester.
[D]Herprofessorwillwriteabookonitsoon.
25.[A]Herprofessor.
[B]Aclassmate.
[C]Herformerboss.
[D]Aforeigndiplomat.
SectionB PassageOne
Questions26to28arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.
26.
[A]Becausenobodyknewhisaddress.
[B]Becausenobodyknewhisage.
[C]BecausePenury’sprivatelifewasasecret.
[D]BecausePenurywasstillabachelorattheageofforty-five.
27.
[A]Hedidnotspendmoneyfreely.
[B]Hewasalwayswell-dressed.
[C]Hehadaluxuriousear.
[D]Heworkedhardforaliving.
28.
[A]Aphotographer.
[B]Aburglar.
[C]Areporter.
[D]Aprofessor.
PassageTwo
Questions29to32arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.
29.
[A]In1809.
[B]In1863.
[C]In1865.
[D]In1860.
30.
[A]Fouryears.
[B]Fiveyears
[C]T