四英语四级模拟考范文Word文档下载推荐.docx

四英语四级模拟考范文Word文档下载推荐.docx

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PaperfromWood

Inordertomakewoodintopaperitneedstobebrokendownintofinestrands.Firstlybypowerfulmachineryandthenboiledwithstrongalkaliessuchascausticsoda,untilafinepulpofcellulosefibersisproduced.Itisfromthispulpthatthefinalproductismade,relyingonthebondingtogetherofthecelluloseintolayers.That,inaverysmallnutshell,istheessenceofpapermakingfromwood.However,therealityisrathermorecomplicated.Inordertogiveusourwhitepaperandcard,themakerswilladdbleachandothermaterialssuchaschinaclayandadditionalchemicals.

Afurtherproblemwithwoodisthatitcontainsamaterialthatisnotcellulose.Somethingcalledlignin.Thisisessentialforthetreesinceitholdsthecellulosefibrestogether,butifitisincorporatedintothemanufacturedpaperitpresentsarchivistswithaproblem.Lignineventuallybreaksdownandreleasesacidproductsintothepaper.Thiswillweakenthebondbetweenthecellulosefibersandthepaperwillbecomebrittleandlookratherbrownandcareworn.Wehaveallseenthisinoldnewspapersandcheappaperbackbooks.Ithasbeenestimatedthatmostpaperbackbookswillhavealifeofnotgreaterthanfiftyyears.Notwhatweneedforourarchives.

Sincethelignincanberemovedfromthepaperpulpduringmanufacture,theobviousquestionis"

whyisitleftinthepaper?

"

Theanswerliesinthefactthatligninmakesupaconsiderablepartofthetree.Byleavingthelignininthepulpapapermakercanincreasehispaperyieldfromatreetosome95%.Removingitmeansayieldofonly35%.Itisclearlyuneconomictoremovetheligninformanypaperandcardapplications.

Italsomeans,ofcourse,thatlignin-freepaperisgoingtobemoreexpensive,butthatisneverthelesswhatthearchivistmustlookforinhissupplies.Thereisnopointwhatsoeverincarefullyplacingourvaluableartifactsinpaperorcardthatisgoingtohastentheirdemise.Acidisparticularlyharmfultophotographicmaterials,causingthemtofadeandissomecasessimplyvanish!

So,howdowetellapieceofsuitablepaperorcardfromonethatisunsuitable?

Youcannotdoitbysimplylooking,andratherdisappointingly,youcannotalwaysrelyonthelabel."

Acid-free"

mightbetrueinasmuchasatestonthepapermay

indicatethatitisaneutralmaterialatthistime.Butlignincantakeyearsbeforeitstartstheinevitableprocessofbreakingdown,andintherightconditionsitwillspeedupenormously.

Addedtothis,asIhaveindicatedearlier,papermayalsocontainothermaterialsaddedduringmanufacturesuchasbleach,chinaclay,chemicalwhitenersandsize.Thislookslikeableakpicture,anditwouldbebutforthefactthattherearesupplierswhowillguaranteethematerialthattheysell.Ifyouwanttobeabsolutelysurethatyouarestoringin,orprintingon,thecorrectmaterialthenthisisprobablytheonlyway.

Incidentally,acidscanmigratefrommaterialtomaterial.Liningoldshoeboxeswithgoodqualityacid-freepaperwilldolittletoguardthecontents.Theacidwillgetthereintheend.

PaperfromRag

Paperisalsocommonlymadefromcottonandragwaste.Thishastheadvantageofbeinglignin-free,butbecausethereismuchlesscottonandragthantrees,italsotendstobemuchmoreexpensivethanwoodpulppaper.Youwillstillneedto

purchasefromareliablesourcethough,sinceevenragpaperandcardcancontainundesirableadditives.

Areliablesourceforqualityragpapersisarecognizedartstockiest.Manywatercolorartistsinsistonusingonlyfinequalityragpaperandboard.

Themainlessontolearnfromthisinformationisthatyoucannotrelyonpurchasingarchivalmaterialsfromthehighstreet.Theonlysafesolutionistopurchasefromspecialistsuppliers.Itmaycostrathermore,butintheendyouwillknowthatyourimportantandvaluabledataandimageshavethebesthomepossible.

第2题Thecorn-flakepacketischeaperthan__

[A]highgradecard

[B]middlegradecard

[C]lowgradecard

[D]anygradecard

第3题Therearealotofmaterialswhichcanbeusedformakingpaper,butthesuperiorityonesare__

[A]woods,cottonsandgrasses

[B]softwoodandcotton

[C]softwood,cottonandrags

[D]cottonsandgrasses

第4题Duringthewholemanufacturingprocess,thefinalproductismadefrom

[A]strongalkalies

[B]causticsoda

[C]cellulosefibres

[D]apulpofcellulosefibres

第5题Inordertomakewhitepaperandcard,themakerswilladd__

[A]albescent

[B]bleach

[C]escharotic

[D]lysozyme

第6题_____isessentialforthetreebutitwillmakepapereasytobreak.

[A]Acid

[B]Alkali

[C]Cellulosefibres

[D]Liguin

第7题Manypaperproducerswillpreserveligninduringmanufacture,because__

[A]leavingtheligninwilldecreasehispaperyield

[B]leavingtheligninwillmakemorepaperfromatree

[C]liguinisveryusefulintheprocess

[D]ligninisessentialformakingpaper

第8题__isparticularlyharmfultophotographicmaterials,

[A]Liguin

[B]Bleach

[C]Acid

[D]Chemicalwhiteners

第9题Iftheligninisremovedfromthepaper,thepaperwillbe___________

第10题Althoughfreeoflignin,papermadefromcottonandragwastecanalsocostmoremoneythanwoodpulppaperbecause___________

第11题Whatwecanlearnfrom"

PaperfromRag"

isthatyouhadbetterbuyarchivalmaterials___________

PartIIIListeningComprehension（35minutes）

SectionA

　　11.[A]1016.

　　[B]1060.

　　[C]508.

　　[D]580.

　　12.[A]Fatheranddaughter.

　　[B]Uncleandniece.

　　[C]Auntandnephew.

　　[D]Cousins.

　　13.[A]Shewasn’tinvited.

　　[B]Shewasn’treadytocome.

　　[C]Shealteredherdecision.

　　[D]Sheforgottheinvitation.

　　14.[A]Thedoorneedsrepairing.

　　[B]Hehadlostallhiskeys.

　　[C]Hecouldn’topenthedoor.

　　[D]Hewantedthewomantohelphim.

　　15.[A]She’sratherhappytohearso.

　　[B]She’sdisappointedtohearso.

　　[C]She’sunhappytohearso.

　　[D]She’ssurprisedtohearso.

　　16.[A]Hethoughtitwasagoodcar.

　　[B]Hethoughtitwastoonoisy,

　　[C]Hethoughttherewassomethingwrongwiththecar.

　　[D]Hedidn’tlikeit.

　　17.[A]Inacar.

　　[B]Inatrain,

　　[C]Inaship.

　　[D]Inaplane.

　　18.[A]She’llgototheconcert.

　　[B]She’llhaveameeting.

　　[C]She’llwatchherneighbor’schildren.

　　[D]She’llvisitherneighbor.

Questions19to22arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard.

　　19.[A]Theearlyhistoryofbookbinding.

　　[B]Howoldbooksbecomevaluable.

　　[C]Economicalwaystoprotectoldbooks.

　　[D]Whysomebooksdecay.

　　20.[A]Theyareoftenhandledimproperlybyreaders.

　　[B]Thepaperisdestroyedbychemicals.

　　[C]Theinkusedinprintingdamagesthepaper.

　　[D]Theglueusedinthebindinglosesitsstrength.

　　21.[A]Theyaredifficulttoread.

　　[B]Theyareslowlyfallingapart

　　[C]Theywerenotmadefromwoodpulp.

　　[D]Theyshouldbestoredinacoldplace.

　　22.[A]Getsomebooksforthemantolookat.

　　[B]Askthemantolookoverhernotes.

　　[C]Continueherresearchinthelibrary.

　　[D]Findmoreinformationonhowbooksarepreserved.

Questions23to25arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard.

　　23.[A]Whichmajorthewomanwillbechoosing.

　　[B]Ananthropologycoursethewomanistaking,

　　[C]Howtofindajobinpublishing.

　　[D]whichanthropologyprofessorsthemanrecommends.

　　24.[A]Itisnotasdifficultasshehadthoughtitwonldbe.

　　[B]Shewouldlikeherprofessortoexplainitmoreclearly.

　　[C]Shetookaclassonitlastsemester.

　　[D]Herprofessorwillwriteabookonitsoon.

　　25.[A]Herprofessor.

　　[B]Aclassmate.

　　[C]Herformerboss.

　　[D]Aforeigndiplomat.

　　SectionB　　PassageOne

　　Questions26to28arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.

　　26.

　　[A]Becausenobodyknewhisaddress.

　　[B]Becausenobodyknewhisage.

　　[C]BecausePenury’sprivatelifewasasecret.

　　[D]BecausePenurywasstillabachelorattheageofforty-five.

　　27.

　　[A]Hedidnotspendmoneyfreely.

　　[B]Hewasalwayswell-dressed.

　　[C]Hehadaluxuriousear.

　　[D]Heworkedhardforaliving.

　　28.

　　[A]Aphotographer.

　　[B]Aburglar.

　　[C]Areporter.

　　[D]Aprofessor.

PassageTwo

　　Questions29to32arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.

　　29.

　　[A]In1809.

　　[B]In1863.

　　[C]In1865.

　　[D]In1860.

　　30.

　　[A]Fouryears.

　　[B]Fiveyears

　　[C]T