考研英语二真题及答案解析Word格式文档下载.docx

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考研英语二真题及答案解析Word格式文档下载.docx

toaspecificcomputer.andwouldauthenticateusersatarangeofonlineservices.

Theideaisto?

afederationofprivateonlineidentitysystems.Usercould?

whichsystemtojoin，andonlyregistereduserswhoseidentitieshavebeenauthenticatedcouldnavigatethosesystems.TheapproachcontrastswithonethatwouldrequireanInternetdriver'

slicense?

10?

bythegovernment.

GoogleandMicrosoftareamongcompaniesthatalreadyhavethese"

singlesign-on"

systemsthatmakeitpossibleforusersto?

11?

justoncebutusemanydifferentservices.

12.theapproachwouldcreatea"

walledgarden"

ncyberspace，withsafe"

neighborhoods"

andbright"

streetlights"

toestablishasenseofa?

13?

community.

Mr.Schmidtdescribeditasa"

voluntaryecosystem"

inwhich"

individualsandorganizationscancompleteonlinetransactionswith?

14?

，trustingtheidentitiesofeachotherandtheidentitiesoftheinfrastructure?

15?

whichthetransactionruns"

Still，theadministration'

splanhas?

16?

privacyrightsactivists.Someapplaudtheapproach；

othersareconcerned.Itseemsclearthatsuchaschemeisaninitiativepushtowardwhatwould?

17?

beacompulsoryInternet"

drive'

slicense"

mentality.

Theplanhasalsobeengreetedwith?

18?

bysomecomputersecurityexperts，whoworrythatthe"

envisionedbyMr.SchmidtwouldstillleavemuchoftheInternet?

19?

.TheyarguethatallInternetusersshouldbe?

20?

toregisterandidentifythemselves，inthesamewaythatdriversmustbelicensedtodriveonpublicroads.

1．?

A.swept?

B.skipped?

C.walked?

D.ridden

2．?

A.for?

B.within?

C.while?

D.though

3．?

A.careless?

B.lawless?

C.pointless?

D.helpless

4．?

A.reason?

B.reminder?

C.compromise?

D.proposal

5．?

A.information?

B.interference?

C.entertainment?

D.equivalent

6．?

A.by?

B.into?

C.from?

D.over

7．?

A.linked?

B.directed?

C.chained?

D.compared

8．?

A.dismiss?

B.discover?

C.create?

D.improve

9．?

A.recall?

B.suggest?

C.select?

D.realize

10．?

A.relcased?

B.issued?

C.distributed?

D.delivered

11．?

A.carryon?

B.lingeron?

C.setin?

D.login

12．?

A.Invain?

B.Ineffect?

C.Inreturn?

D.Incontrast

13．?

A.trusted?

B.modernized?

c.thriving?

D.competing

14．?

A.caution?

B.delight?

C.confidence?

D.patience

15．?

A.on?

B.after?

C.beyond?

D.across

16．?

A.divided?

B.disappointed?

C.protected?

D.united

17．?

A.frequestly?

B.incidentally?

C.occasionally?

D.eventually

18．?

A.skepticism?

B.relerance?

C.indifference?

D.enthusiasm

19．?

A.manageable?

B.defendable?

C.vulnerable?

D.invisible

20．?

A.invited?

B.appointed?

C.allowed?

D.forced

SectionII?

ReadingComprehension

PartA

Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsaftereachtextbychoosingA，B，CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.（40points）

Text?

RuthSimmonsjoinedGoldmanSachs'

sboardasanoutsidedirectorinJanuary2000：

ayearlatershebecamepresidentofBrownUniversity.Fortherestofthedecadesheapparentlymanagedbothroleswithoutattractingmucheroticism.Butbytheendof2009Ms.SimmonswasunderfireforhavingsatonGoldman'

scompensationcommittee；

howcouldshehaveletthoseenormousbonuspayoutspassunremarked？

ByFebruarythenextyearMs.Simmonshadlefttheboard.Thepositionwasjusttakinguptoomuchtime，shesaid.

Outsidedirectorsaresupposedtoserveashelpful，yetlessbiased，advisersonafirm'

sboard.Havingmadetheirwealthandtheirreputationselsewhere，theypresumablyhaveenoughindependencetodisagreewiththechiefexecutive'

sproposals.Ifthesky，andthesharepriceisfalling，outsidedirectorsshouldbeabletogiveadvicebasedonhavingweatheredtheirowncrises.

TheresearchersfromOhioUniversityusedadatabasehatcoveredmorethan10，000firmsandmorethan64，000differentdirectorsbetween1989and2004.Thentheysimplycheckedwhichdirectorsstayedfromoneproxystatementtothenext.Themostlikelyreasonfordepartingaboardwasage，sotheresearchersconcentratedonthose"

surprise"

disappearancesbydirectorsundertheageof70.Theyfountthatafterasurprisedeparture，theprobabilitythatthecompanywillsubsequentlyhavetorestateearningsincreasedbynearly20%.Thelikelihoodofbeingnamedinafederalclass-actionlawsuitalsoincreases，andthestockislikelytoperformworse.Theeffecttendedtobelargerforlargerfirms.Althoughacorrelationbetweenthemleavingandsubsequentbadperformanceatthefirmissuggestive，itdoesnotmeanthatsuchdirectorsarealwaysjumpingoffasinkingship.Oftenthey"

tradeup."

Leavingriskier，smallerfirmsforlargerandmorestablefirms.

Buttheresearchersbelievethatoutsidedirectorshaveaneasiertimeofavoidingablowtotheirreputationsiftheyleaveafirmbeforebadnewsbreaks，evenifareviewofhistoryshowstheywereontheboardatthetimeanywrongdoingoccurred.Firmswhowanttokeeptheiroutsidedirectorsthroughtoughtimesmayhavetocreateincentives.OtherwiseoutsidedirectorswillfollowtheexampleofMs.Simmons，onceagainverypopularoncampus.

21.AccordingtoParagraph1，Ms.Simmonswascriticizedfor?

[A]gainingexcessiveprofits

[B]failingtofulfillherduty

[C]refusingtomakecompromises

[D]leavingtheboardintoughtimes

22.WelearnfromParagraph2thatoutsidedirectorsaresupposedtobe?

[A]generousinvestors

[B]unbiasedexecutives

[C]sharepriceforecasters

[D]independentadvisers

23.AccordingtotheresearchersfromOhioUniversityafteranoutsidedirector'

ssurprisedeparture，thefirmislikelyto?

[A]becomemorestable

[B]reportincreasedearnings

[C]dolesswellinthestockmarket

[D]performworseinlawsuits

24.Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthatoutsidedirectors?

[A]maystayfortheattractiveoffersfromthefirm

[B]haveoftenhadrecordsofwrongdoingsinthefirm

[C]areaccustomedtostress-freeworkinthefirm

[D]willdeclineincentivesfromthefirm

25.Theauthor'

sattitudetowardtheroleofoutsidedirectorsis?

[A]permissive

[B]positive

[C]scornful

[D]critical

Whateverhappenedtothedeathofnewspaper？

Ayearagotheendseemednear.Therecessionthreatenedtoremovetheadvertisingandreadersthathadnotalreadyfledtotheinternet.NewspapersliketheSanFranciscoChroniclewerechroniclingtheirowndoom.America'

sFederalTradecommissionlaunchedaroundoftalksabouthowtosavenewspapers.Shouldtheybecomecharitablecorporations？

Shouldthestatesubsidizethem？

Itwillholdanothermeetingsoon.Butthediscussionsnowseemoutofdate.

Inmuchoftheworldthereisthesignofcrisis.GermanandBrazilianpapershaveshruggedofftherecession.EvenAmericannewspapers，whichinhabitthemosttroubledcomeoftheglobalindustry，havenotonlysurvivedbutoftenreturnedtoprofit.Notthe20%profitmarginsthatwereroutineafewyearsago，butprofitallthesame.

Ithasnotbeenmuchfun.Manypapersstayedafloatbypushingjournalistsoverboard.TheAmericanSocietyofNewsEditorsreckonsthat13，500newsroomjobshavegonesince2007.Readersarepayingmoreforslimmerproducts.Somepapersevenhadthenervetorefusedeliverytodistantsuburbs.Yetthesedesperatemeasureshaveprovedtherightonesand，sadlyformanyjournalists，theycanbepushedfurther.

Newspapersarebecomingmorebalancedbusinesses，withahealthiermixofrevenuesfromreadersandadvertisers.Americanpapershavelongbeenhighlyunusualintheirrelianceonads.Fully87%oftheirrevenuescamefromadvertisingin2008，accordingtotheOrganizationforEconomicCooperation&

Development（OECD）.InJapantheproportionis35%.Notsurprisingly，Japanesenewspapersaremuchmorestable.

Thewhirlwindthatsweptthroughnewsroomsharmedeverybody，butmuchofthedamagehasbeenconcentratedinareaswherenewspaperareleastdistinctive.Carandfilmreviewershavegone.Sohavescienceandgeneralbusinessreporters.Foreignbureaushavebeensavagelycutoff.Newspapersarelesscompleteasaresult.Butcompletenessisnolongeravirtueinthenewspaperbusiness.

26.Bysaying"

Newspaperslike…theirowndoom"

（Lines3-4，Para.1），theauthorindicatesthatnewspaper?

[A]neglectedthesignofcrisis

[B]failedtogetstatesubsidies

[C]werenotcharitablecorporations

[D]wereinadesperatesituation

27.Somenewspapersrefuseddeliverytodistantsuburbsprobablybecause?

[A]readersthreatenedtopayless

[B]newspaperswantedtoreducecosts

[C]journalistsreportedlittleabouttheseareas

[D]subscriberscomplainedaboutslimmerproducts

28.ComparedwiththeirAmericancounterparts，Japanesenewspapersaremuchmorestablebecausethey?

[A]havemoresourcesofrevenue

[B]havemorebalancednewsrooms

[C]arelessdependentonadvertising

[D]arelessaffectedbyreadership

29.Whatcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphaboutthecurrentnewspaperbusiness？

[A]Distinctivenessisanessentialfeatureofnewspapers.

[B]Completenessistoblameforthefailureofnewspaper.

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