Lecture5WordFormation《英语词汇学》第五章教案Word下载.docx

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Lecture5WordFormation《英语词汇学》第五章教案Word下载.docx

(在构词过程中,我们要注意到活跃性和边缘性问题。

必须记住,规则都有例外。

1.Affixation(词缀法)

Affixationisgenerallydefinedastheformationofwordsbyaddingword-formorderivationalaffixestostems.Thisprocessisalsoknownasderivation,fornewwordscreatedinthiswayarederivedfromoldforms.Thewordsformedinthiswayarecalledderivatives.Accordingtothepositionswhichaffixesoccupyinwords,affixationfallsintotwosubclasses:

prefixationandsuffixation.

1)Prefixation(前缀法)

※Prefixationistheformationofnewwordsbyaddingprefixestostems.

※Prefixesdonotgenerallychangetheword-classofthestembutonlymodifyitsmeaning.However,present-dayEnglishfindsanincreasingnumberofclass-changingprefixes,forexample:

asleep,alike,alive(a-+v.→adj.)a-(in,to,at,on)

encourage,entrain,endanger(en-+n.→v.)en-(toputorgetinto)

enlarge,enrich,enable(en-+adj.→v.)en-(tocausetobe)

belittle,becalm(be-+adj.→v.)

bedazzle,bewitch(be-+n.→v.)be-(tomake,tocausetobe)

deplane,detrain(de-+n.→v.)

de-(togetoff)

postwar,postliberation(post-+n.→adj.)post-(after,laterthan)

inter-laboratory,intercollege(inter-+n.→adj.)inter-(between,among)

Thesemakeuponlyaninsignificantnumberinthehugecontemporaryvocabulary.

Themajorityofprefixesarecharacterizedbytheirnon-classchangingnature.Theirchieffunctionistochangemeaningsofthestems.Accordingly,weshallclassifyprefixesonasemanticbasisintoninegroups.

1)Negativeprefixes

Prefixation

vOrder

vLiterate

vSymmetry

vGovernmental

vRelevant

vProductive

vBelievable

vVulnerable

vSane

vRelated

vAligned

vMature

vDisorder

vIlliterate

vAsymmetry

vNongovernmental

vIrrelevant

vUnproductive

vUnbelievable

vInvulnerable

vInsane

vUnrelated

vNonaligned

vImmature

※Ofthisgroup,un-isbyfarthemostproductiveandcanusuallyreplacein-ordis-withadjectivesforactualuseasinunreplaceable,unmovableforirreplaceableandimmovable.

2)ReversativePrefixes

vCentralize

vPlane

vInfect

vZip

vRegulate

vPossess

vPollute

vDecentralize

vDeplane

vDisinfect

vUnzip

vDeregulate

vDispossess

vDepollute

3)Pejorativeprefixes

v4)Prefixesofdegreeorsize

vComputer

vCritical

vConscious

vNatural

vSensitive

vSimple

vNumber

vStatement

vculture

vMinicomputer

vUltracritic/hypercritic

vSubconscious

vSupernatural

vHypersensitive/ultrasensitive

vOversimple

vOutnumber

vUnderstatement

vSubculture

5)Prefixesoforientationandattitude

v6)Locativeprefixes

vPrefixation

vView

vConference

vContinental

vGround

vCast

vSpecific

vRacial

vShore

vInterview

vteleconference

vIntercontinental

vForeground

vTelecast

vTranspacific

vTransracial

vForeshore

v7)Prefixesoftimeandorder

v8)Numberprefixes

⑨Miscellaneousprefixes:

auto–(self):

autobiography,autonomy,autonym.

vnoe-(new):

neoclassicism,neologism,neonatal(初生的)

vpan-(all):

pan-European,panacea(万灵药),panorama(全景,全图).

vvice-(inplaceof):

vice-president,vice-minister,vice-govemor副州长

2)Suffixation后缀法

Suffixationistheformationofwordsbyaddingsuffixestostems.

Suffixesareoftwokinds:

classchangingandclassmaintaining.

Class-changingsuffixeschangethewordclassofthewordtowhichtheyareadded,e.g.–ityinelectricity.Class-maintainingsuffixesdonotchangethewordclassbutchangesthemeaningofthederivative,e.g–hoodinboyhood.Unlikeprefixes,mostoftheEnglishsuffixesareclass-changing.

Suffixation

vTheclassificationofsuffixes

›Sincesuffixesmainlychangethewordclass,weshallgroupsuffixesonagrammaticalbasisinto

v1)nounsuffixes

v2)adjectivesuffixes

v3)adverbsuffixes

v4)verbsuffixes

v1)Nounsuffixes

›Nounsuffixesmaybesubdividedintothefollowingfivekinds.

vDenominalnouns(来自名词的名词)

vDeverbalnouns(来自动词的名词)

vDe-adjectivalnouns(来自形容词的名词)

vNounandadjectivesuffixes

v2)AdjectiveSuffixes

v3)AdverbSuffixes

v4)Verbsuffixes

vFalse

vSterile

vIntense

vFat

vHorror

vMemory

vApology

vFalsify

vSterilize

vIntensify

vFatten

vHorrify

vMemorize

vApologize

Somemodernaffixes

v1.Mega-(verylarge)

vMegacity特大城市

vMegadestruction大毁灭

vMegagame大赛

vMegastructure超级建筑

vMegarich十分富有

vMegaversity超级大学

v2.Cyber-(automatic/computerized)

vCyberculture电脑化文化/电脑化社会

vCyberbrain电脑

vCyberart电脑艺术/计算机技术

vCyber-security网络安全

vCyber-space网络虚拟空间

vCyber-privacy网络隐私

vCyber-sex网络色情

vCyber-punk网络高手

vcyberfiction网络小说

v3.Hyper-(super/toomuch)

vHypermedia超媒体

vHyperlinks超级链接

vHyperfriction过度摩擦

vHyperslow极缓慢的

vHyperverbal说话过多的

vHyperaccess超级访问软件

vHypertext超文本

v4.Info-(information)

vInfotech信息技术

vInfocenter信息中心

vInfotainment信息娱乐节目

vInfomercial信息商业化的/商业信息片

v5.nano-(onebillionth)

vNanotech纳米技术

vNanofabrication纳米加工

vNanocomputer超高速电脑

v6.techno-(technology)

vTechnomania技术热

vTechnophobia恐技术症

vTechnocracy专家政治、技术专家治国制度

vtechno-centric以技术为中心的

v7.tele-(long-distancetransfer/television)

vTelead电话约定广告

vTelebanking电脑化银行业务

vTelebus电话叫车/租车

vTelecenter远程计算中心

vTele-education远程教育

v8.E-(electronic)

vE-mail电子邮件

vE-text电子文本

vE-zine电子杂志

vE-cash电子货币

v9.Of-(office)

vOftel办公电话

vOflot公司内部停车场地

vOfbank银行办事处

v10.-bot(robot)

vKnowbot智力机器人

vMobot移动机器人

vMicrobot微型机器人

v11.–size(measurements)

vDownsize缩小

vUpsize放大

vRightsize按比例制作

vlife-size按实物大小制作

v12.–nick(以…..为特征的人;

参加….的人)

vEarthnick地球人

vComputernick电脑迷

vPeacenick追求和平者

vJobnick工作迷

vNo-goodnick不怀好意者

v13.-centric(ofthecenter/taking…asthecenter)

vMale-centric以男士为主的

vNet-CentricWar网络中心战

vIBMcompatible-centric以销售IBM兼容机为主的User-centric以用户为中心的

v14.–ware(articlesofthesamekind)

vGlassware玻璃器皿

vSoft/hardware软/硬件

vMiddleware中间设备

vSilverware银器

vWarehouse仓库

v15.franken-(转基因的;

经过基因工程的)

vFrankenfruit转基因水果

vFrankenfood转基因食品

vFrankenplant转基因植物

2.Compounding(复合法/合成法)

Compounding,alsocalledcomposition,istheformationofnewwordsbyjoiningtwoormorestems.Wordsformedinthiswayarecalledcompounds.Soacompoundisa‘lexicalunitconsistingmorethanonestemandfunctioningbothgrammaticallyandsemanticallyasasingleword’(Quirketal1985).

Compounding

vFormsofcompounds

›Solid:

bedtime,honeymoon

›Hyphenated:

above-mentioned,town-planning

›Open:

readingmaterial,hotline

vTypesofcompounds

›Nouncompounds

›Adjectivecompounds

›Verbcompounds

vNouncompounds

›Headache,housekeeping,hotline,swimmingpool,raindrop,breakdown,biologicalclock,identitycrisis

vAdjectivecompounds

›Weather-beatenrocks,peacelovingpeople,everlastingfriendship,adifficult-to-operatemachine,amade-upstory,anonthespotinspection,taxfreeproducts,fire-proofdress

vVerbcompounds

›Formedbyback-formation

vhouse-keepfromhousekeeper

vwindowshopfromwindow-shopping

vmassproducefrommassproduction

vhen-peckfromhen-pecked

vspoon-feedfromspoon-fed.

›Formedbyconversion

vtoblue-print,tocold-shoulder,tooutline,tohoneymoon,tosnowball,tochain-smoke,tosweet-talk,tojob-hop.

3.Conversion(词类转化法/转类法)

Thedefinitionofconversion

①Conversionistheformationofnewwordsbyconvertingwordsofoneclasstoanotherclass.Thisisamethodofturningwordsofonepartofspeechtothoseofadifferentpartofspeech.

›②Conversionisaword-formationwherebyawordofacertainword-classisshiftedintoawordofanotherwithouttheadditionofanaffix.Itisalsocalledzeroderivation(零位派生).

Conversion

vMajortypesofconversion

›Noun-verbconversion

›Verb-nounconversion

›Adjective-nounconversion

vNoun-verbconversion

›Heelbowedhiswaythroughthecrowd

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