Lecture5WordFormation《英语词汇学》第五章教案Word下载.docx
《Lecture5WordFormation《英语词汇学》第五章教案Word下载.docx》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《Lecture5WordFormation《英语词汇学》第五章教案Word下载.docx(15页珍藏版)》请在冰豆网上搜索。
![Lecture5WordFormation《英语词汇学》第五章教案Word下载.docx](https://file1.bdocx.com/fileroot1/2022-12/28/0307b7d0-c73e-4def-9b96-c6d9b02292dd/0307b7d0-c73e-4def-9b96-c6d9b02292dd1.gif)
(在构词过程中,我们要注意到活跃性和边缘性问题。
必须记住,规则都有例外。
)
1.Affixation(词缀法)
Affixationisgenerallydefinedastheformationofwordsbyaddingword-formorderivationalaffixestostems.Thisprocessisalsoknownasderivation,fornewwordscreatedinthiswayarederivedfromoldforms.Thewordsformedinthiswayarecalledderivatives.Accordingtothepositionswhichaffixesoccupyinwords,affixationfallsintotwosubclasses:
prefixationandsuffixation.
1)Prefixation(前缀法)
※Prefixationistheformationofnewwordsbyaddingprefixestostems.
※Prefixesdonotgenerallychangetheword-classofthestembutonlymodifyitsmeaning.However,present-dayEnglishfindsanincreasingnumberofclass-changingprefixes,forexample:
asleep,alike,alive(a-+v.→adj.)a-(in,to,at,on)
encourage,entrain,endanger(en-+n.→v.)en-(toputorgetinto)
enlarge,enrich,enable(en-+adj.→v.)en-(tocausetobe)
belittle,becalm(be-+adj.→v.)
bedazzle,bewitch(be-+n.→v.)be-(tomake,tocausetobe)
deplane,detrain(de-+n.→v.)
de-(togetoff)
postwar,postliberation(post-+n.→adj.)post-(after,laterthan)
inter-laboratory,intercollege(inter-+n.→adj.)inter-(between,among)
Thesemakeuponlyaninsignificantnumberinthehugecontemporaryvocabulary.
Themajorityofprefixesarecharacterizedbytheirnon-classchangingnature.Theirchieffunctionistochangemeaningsofthestems.Accordingly,weshallclassifyprefixesonasemanticbasisintoninegroups.
1)Negativeprefixes
Prefixation
vOrder
vLiterate
vSymmetry
vGovernmental
vRelevant
vProductive
vBelievable
vVulnerable
vSane
vRelated
vAligned
vMature
vDisorder
vIlliterate
vAsymmetry
vNongovernmental
vIrrelevant
vUnproductive
vUnbelievable
vInvulnerable
vInsane
vUnrelated
vNonaligned
vImmature
※Ofthisgroup,un-isbyfarthemostproductiveandcanusuallyreplacein-ordis-withadjectivesforactualuseasinunreplaceable,unmovableforirreplaceableandimmovable.
2)ReversativePrefixes
vCentralize
vPlane
vInfect
vZip
vRegulate
vPossess
vPollute
vDecentralize
vDeplane
vDisinfect
vUnzip
vDeregulate
vDispossess
vDepollute
3)Pejorativeprefixes
v4)Prefixesofdegreeorsize
vComputer
vCritical
vConscious
vNatural
vSensitive
vSimple
vNumber
vStatement
vculture
vMinicomputer
vUltracritic/hypercritic
vSubconscious
vSupernatural
vHypersensitive/ultrasensitive
vOversimple
vOutnumber
vUnderstatement
vSubculture
5)Prefixesoforientationandattitude
v6)Locativeprefixes
vPrefixation
vView
vConference
vContinental
vGround
vCast
vSpecific
vRacial
vShore
vInterview
vteleconference
vIntercontinental
vForeground
vTelecast
vTranspacific
vTransracial
vForeshore
v7)Prefixesoftimeandorder
v8)Numberprefixes
⑨Miscellaneousprefixes:
auto–(self):
autobiography,autonomy,autonym.
vnoe-(new):
neoclassicism,neologism,neonatal(初生的)
vpan-(all):
pan-European,panacea(万灵药),panorama(全景,全图).
vvice-(inplaceof):
vice-president,vice-minister,vice-govemor副州长
2)Suffixation后缀法
Suffixationistheformationofwordsbyaddingsuffixestostems.
Suffixesareoftwokinds:
classchangingandclassmaintaining.
Class-changingsuffixeschangethewordclassofthewordtowhichtheyareadded,e.g.–ityinelectricity.Class-maintainingsuffixesdonotchangethewordclassbutchangesthemeaningofthederivative,e.g–hoodinboyhood.Unlikeprefixes,mostoftheEnglishsuffixesareclass-changing.
Suffixation
vTheclassificationofsuffixes
›Sincesuffixesmainlychangethewordclass,weshallgroupsuffixesonagrammaticalbasisinto
v1)nounsuffixes
v2)adjectivesuffixes
v3)adverbsuffixes
v4)verbsuffixes
v1)Nounsuffixes
›Nounsuffixesmaybesubdividedintothefollowingfivekinds.
vDenominalnouns(来自名词的名词)
vDeverbalnouns(来自动词的名词)
vDe-adjectivalnouns(来自形容词的名词)
vNounandadjectivesuffixes
v2)AdjectiveSuffixes
v3)AdverbSuffixes
v4)Verbsuffixes
vFalse
vSterile
vIntense
vFat
vHorror
vMemory
vApology
vFalsify
vSterilize
vIntensify
vFatten
vHorrify
vMemorize
vApologize
Somemodernaffixes
v1.Mega-(verylarge)
vMegacity特大城市
vMegadestruction大毁灭
vMegagame大赛
vMegastructure超级建筑
vMegarich十分富有
vMegaversity超级大学
v2.Cyber-(automatic/computerized)
vCyberculture电脑化文化/电脑化社会
vCyberbrain电脑
vCyberart电脑艺术/计算机技术
vCyber-security网络安全
vCyber-space网络虚拟空间
vCyber-privacy网络隐私
vCyber-sex网络色情
vCyber-punk网络高手
vcyberfiction网络小说
v3.Hyper-(super/toomuch)
vHypermedia超媒体
vHyperlinks超级链接
vHyperfriction过度摩擦
vHyperslow极缓慢的
vHyperverbal说话过多的
vHyperaccess超级访问软件
vHypertext超文本
v4.Info-(information)
vInfotech信息技术
vInfocenter信息中心
vInfotainment信息娱乐节目
vInfomercial信息商业化的/商业信息片
v5.nano-(onebillionth)
vNanotech纳米技术
vNanofabrication纳米加工
vNanocomputer超高速电脑
v6.techno-(technology)
vTechnomania技术热
vTechnophobia恐技术症
vTechnocracy专家政治、技术专家治国制度
vtechno-centric以技术为中心的
v7.tele-(long-distancetransfer/television)
vTelead电话约定广告
vTelebanking电脑化银行业务
vTelebus电话叫车/租车
vTelecenter远程计算中心
vTele-education远程教育
v8.E-(electronic)
vE-mail电子邮件
vE-text电子文本
vE-zine电子杂志
vE-cash电子货币
v9.Of-(office)
vOftel办公电话
vOflot公司内部停车场地
vOfbank银行办事处
v10.-bot(robot)
vKnowbot智力机器人
vMobot移动机器人
vMicrobot微型机器人
v11.–size(measurements)
vDownsize缩小
vUpsize放大
vRightsize按比例制作
vlife-size按实物大小制作
v12.–nick(以…..为特征的人;
参加….的人)
vEarthnick地球人
vComputernick电脑迷
vPeacenick追求和平者
vJobnick工作迷
vNo-goodnick不怀好意者
v13.-centric(ofthecenter/taking…asthecenter)
vMale-centric以男士为主的
vNet-CentricWar网络中心战
vIBMcompatible-centric以销售IBM兼容机为主的User-centric以用户为中心的
v14.–ware(articlesofthesamekind)
vGlassware玻璃器皿
vSoft/hardware软/硬件
vMiddleware中间设备
vSilverware银器
vWarehouse仓库
v15.franken-(转基因的;
经过基因工程的)
vFrankenfruit转基因水果
vFrankenfood转基因食品
vFrankenplant转基因植物
2.Compounding(复合法/合成法)
Compounding,alsocalledcomposition,istheformationofnewwordsbyjoiningtwoormorestems.Wordsformedinthiswayarecalledcompounds.Soacompoundisa‘lexicalunitconsistingmorethanonestemandfunctioningbothgrammaticallyandsemanticallyasasingleword’(Quirketal1985).
Compounding
vFormsofcompounds
›Solid:
bedtime,honeymoon
›Hyphenated:
above-mentioned,town-planning
›Open:
readingmaterial,hotline
vTypesofcompounds
›Nouncompounds
›Adjectivecompounds
›Verbcompounds
vNouncompounds
›Headache,housekeeping,hotline,swimmingpool,raindrop,breakdown,biologicalclock,identitycrisis
vAdjectivecompounds
›Weather-beatenrocks,peacelovingpeople,everlastingfriendship,adifficult-to-operatemachine,amade-upstory,anonthespotinspection,taxfreeproducts,fire-proofdress
vVerbcompounds
›Formedbyback-formation
vhouse-keepfromhousekeeper
vwindowshopfromwindow-shopping
vmassproducefrommassproduction
vhen-peckfromhen-pecked
vspoon-feedfromspoon-fed.
›Formedbyconversion
vtoblue-print,tocold-shoulder,tooutline,tohoneymoon,tosnowball,tochain-smoke,tosweet-talk,tojob-hop.
3.Conversion(词类转化法/转类法)
Thedefinitionofconversion
①Conversionistheformationofnewwordsbyconvertingwordsofoneclasstoanotherclass.Thisisamethodofturningwordsofonepartofspeechtothoseofadifferentpartofspeech.
›②Conversionisaword-formationwherebyawordofacertainword-classisshiftedintoawordofanotherwithouttheadditionofanaffix.Itisalsocalledzeroderivation(零位派生).
Conversion
vMajortypesofconversion
›Noun-verbconversion
›Verb-nounconversion
›Adjective-nounconversion
vNoun-verbconversion
›Heelbowedhiswaythroughthecrowd