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Article1[Purpose]
Thislawshallprovidethegeneralrulesfortheapplicationoflaws.
CHAPTER2GENERALRULESFORSTATUTES
Article2[EffectiveDateofStatutes]
Astatuteshallcomeintoforcefromthetwentiethdayafteritspromulgation.However,whereadifferenteffectivedateisprovidedbythestatute,thatdateshallapply.
Article3[CustomswiththeSameEffectasLaw]
Customsnotcontrarytopublicpolicy(ordrepublic)shallhavethesameeffectaslaw,totheextentthattheyareauthorizedbyastatuteorastatutoryinstrument,orthattheyconcernmattersnototherwiseprescribedbyastatuteorastatutoryinstrument.
CHAPTER3GENERALRULESONAPPLICABLELAW
SECTION1PERSON
Article4[APerson’sLegalCapacity]
(1)Thelegalcapacityofapersonshallbegovernedbyhisorhernationallaw.viii
(2)Notwithstandingtheprecedingparagraph,whereapersonwhohasperformedajuristicactisoffullcapacityunderthelawoftheplacewheretheactwasdone(lexlociactus),thatpersonshallberegardedashavingfullcapacitytotheextentthatatthetimeofthejuristicact,allthepartiesweresituatedinaplaceunderthesamelaw.
(3)Theprecedingparagraphshallnotapplyeithertoajuristicactgovernedbyfamilylaworsuccessionlaw,ortoajuristicactregardingimmovablessituatedinaplacewherethelawdiffersfromthelexlociactus.
Article5[InitiationofGuardianshiporSimilarProceedings]
Thecourtmayinitiateproceedingsforguardianship,curatorship,orassistance(hereinafterreferredtoas“initiationofguardianshiporsimilarproceedings”)underJapaneselawwherethepersontobesubjecttotheguardianship,curatorship,orassistancehasadomicileorresidenceinJapanorisaJapanesenational.
Article6[DeclarationofDisappearance]
(1)ThecourtmaydeclareapersontohavedisappearedunderJapaneselawwherethe
personwasdomiciledinJapanorwasaJapanesenationalatthetimewhenheorshewaslastrecognizedasalive.
(2)Evenwheretheprecedingparagraphisnotapplicable,thecourtmaydeclareapersontohavedisappearedunderJapaneselawwithregardsonlytothepropertythatthepersonhadinJapanandonlytotheperson’slegalrelationsgovernedbyJapaneselaworotherwiseconnectedtoJapaninlightoftheirnature,thedomicileornationalityofthepersonsconcerned,orothercircumstances.
SECTION2JURISTICACTS
Article7[ChoiceofApplicableLawbytheParties]
Theformationandeffectofajuristicactshallbegovernedbythelawoftheplacechosenbythepartiesatthetimeoftheact.
Article8[IntheAbsenceofaChoiceofApplicableLawbytheParties]
(1)WherethereisnochoiceundertheprecedingArticle,theformationandeffectofajuristicactshallbegovernedbythelawoftheplacewithwhichtheactismostcloselyconnectedatthetimeoftheact.
(2)Forthepurposeoftheprecedingparagraph,whereonlyonepartyistoeffectthecharacteristicperformanceofthejuristicact,itshallbepresumedthatthejuristicactismostcloselyconnectedwiththelawofhisorherhabitualresidence(i.e.,thelawofhisorherplaceofbusinesswherethatplaceofbusinessisrelatedtotheact,orthelawofhisorherprincipalplaceofbusinesswhereheorshehastwoormoreplacesofbusinessrelatedtotheactandwherethoselawsdiffer).
(3)ForthepurposeofthefirstparagraphofthisArticle,wherethesubjectmatterofthejuristicactisimmovables,notwithstandingtheprecedingparagraph,itshallbepresumedthattheactismostcloselyconnectedwiththelawoftheplacewheretheimmovablesaresituated.
Article9[VariationofApplicableLawbytheParties]
Thepartiesmayvarythelawotherwiseapplicabletotheformationandeffectofajuristicact.However,suchvariationshallnotbeassertedagainstthirdpartieswhereitwouldbeprejudicialtotheirrights.
Article10[FormalitiesofaJuristicAct]
(1)Theformalitiesofajuristicactshallbegovernedbythelawapplicabletotheformationoftheact(whereundertheprecedingArticlethelawwasvariedafterthejuristicact,thelawapplicablebeforethevariationshallgovern).
(2)Notwithstandingtheprecedingparagraph,formalitiesthatsatisfytherequirementsofthelawoftheplacewheretheactwasdone(lexlociactus)shallbeeffective.
(3)Forthepurposeoftheprecedingparagraph,whereadeclarationofintentisaddressedtoapersonsituatedinaplaceunderadifferentlaw,theplacefromwherethenoticewassentshallbedeemedastheplaceoftheact(locusactus).
(4)ThesecondandthirdparagraphsofthisArticleshallnotapplytotheformalitiesofacontractconcludedbetweenpartiessituatedinplaceshavingdifferentlaws.Inthiscase,notwithstandingthefirstparagraphofthisArticle,contractformalitiesthatsatisfytherequirementsofeitherthelawoftheplacefromwherethenoticeofofferwassentorthelawoftheplacefromwherethenoticeofacceptancewassentshallbeeffective.
(5)Thesecond,third,andfourthparagraphsofthisArticleshallnotapplytotheformalities
ofajuristicactthatestablishesordisposesofarightinremtomovablesorimmovables,orofarightrequiringregistration.
Article11[SpecialRulesforConsumerContracts]
(1)Regardingtheformationandeffectofacontract(excludinglaborcontracts;
hereinafterreferredtointhisArticleas“consumercontract”)betweenaconsumer(i.e.,anindividual,excludingthosecaseswherethepartyactsasabusinessorforabusiness)andabusinessoperator(i.e.,ajuridicalpersonorothercorporateassociation,oranindividualinthosecaseswherethepartyactsasabusinessorforabusiness),evenwherebychoiceunderArticle7orvariationunderArticle9,theapplicablelawwouldbealawotherthanthatoftheconsumer’shabitualresidence,whentheconsumerindicatestothebusinessoperatorhisorherintentionthataparticularmandatoryrulefromwithinthelawoftheconsumer’shabitualresidenceshouldapply,thismandatoryruleshallalsoapplytothematterscoveredbytheruleconcerningtheconsumercontract’sformationandeffect.
(2)NotwithstandingArticle8,wherenochoiceunderArticle7hasbeenmade,theformationandeffectofaconsumercontractshallbegovernedbythelawoftheconsumer’shabitualResidence.
(3)Inregardstotheformationofaconsumercontract,evenwherealawotherthanthelawofaconsumer’shabitualresidenceischosenunderArticle7,whentheconsumerindicatestothebusinessoperatorhisorherintentionthataparticularmandatoryrulefromwithinthelawoftheconsumer’shabitualresidenceshouldapplytotheformalitiesoftheconsumercontract,onlythemandatoryruleshallapplytothematterscoveredbytheruleconcerningtheconsumercontract’sformalities,irrespectiveofArticle10,paragraphs1,2,and4.
(4)Wherethelawofaconsumer’shabitualresidenceischosenunderArticle7withregardstotheformationofaconsumercontract,andwhentheconsumerindicatestothebusinessoperatorhisorherintentionthatthelawoftheconsumer’shabitualresidenceshouldonlyapplytotheformalitiesofaconsumercontract,theformalitiesoftheconsumercontractshallbegovernedonlybythelawoftheconsumer’shabitualresidence,irrespectiveofArticle10,paragraphs2and4.
(5)NotwithstandingArticle10,paragraphs1,2,and4,wherethereisnochoiceunderArticle7withregardstotheformationofthecontract,theformalitiesofaconsumercontractshallbegovernedbythelawoftheconsumer’shabitualresidence.
(6)Theprecedingparagraphsshallnotapplyinanyofthefollowingcases:
(i)Wherethebusinessoperator’splaceofbusinessthatisassociatedwithaconsumercontractisinaplaceunderalawthatisdifferentfromthelawoftheconsumer’shabitualresidence,andwheretheconsumercomestoaplacethathasthesamelawasthatplaceofbusinesstoconcludethecontract.However,excludingcaseswheretheconsumer,whoisintheplaceofhisorherhabitualresidence,isinvitedbythebusinessoperatortoconcludetheconsumercontractintheplacethathasthesamelawastheplaceofbusiness;
(ii)Wherethebusinessoperator’splaceofbusinessthatisassociatedwithaconsumercontractisinaplaceunderalawthatisdifferentfromthelawoftheconsumer’shabitualresidence,andwheretheconsumerhasreceivedorshouldreceivetheperformanceofallobligationsundertheconsumercontractinaplacethathasthesamelawasthatplaceofbusiness.However,excludingcaseswheretheconsumer,whoisintheplaceofhisorherhabitualresidence,isinvitedbythebusinessoperatortohaveallobligationsperformedundertheconsumercontractinaplacethathasthesamelawasthatplaceofbusiness;
(iii)Whereatthetimeofcontractingthebusinessoperatordidnotknowtheconsumer’shabitualresidenceandtherewerereasonablegroundsfornotknowingthis;
or
(iv)Whereatthetimeofcontractingthebusinessoperatormistooktheotherpartyofthecontractfornotbeingaconsumerandtherewerereasonablegroundsforthismistake.
Article12[SpecialRulesforLaborContracts]
(1)EvenwherebychoiceunderArticle7orvariationunderArticle9,theapplicablelawtotheformationandeffectofalaborcontractisalawotherthanthelawwithwhichthecontractismostcloselyconnected,whentheemployeeindicatestotheemployerhisorherintentionthataparticularmandatoryrulefromwithinthelawoftheplacewithwhichtheemployeeismostcloselyconnectedshouldapply,thismandatoryrule