欧洲航海家 英文版Word下载.docx

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　　ColumbussailedforKingFerdinandIIandQueenIsabellaofSpain.Onhisfirsttrip,Columbusledanexpeditionwiththreeships,theNiñ

a（captainedbyVicenteYá

ñ

ezPinzon）,thePinta（ownedandcaptainedbyMartinAlonzoPinzon）,andtheSantaMaria（captainedbyColumbus）,andabout90crewmembers.TheysetsailonAug.3,1492fromPalos,Spain,andonOctober11,1492,spottedtheCaribbeanislandsoffsoutheasternNorthAmerica.TheylandedonanislandtheycalledGuanahani,butColumbuslaterrenameditSanSalvador.TheyweremetbythelocalTainoIndians,manyofwhomwerecapturedbyColumbus'

menandlatersoldintoslavery.ColumbusthoughthehadmadeittoAsia,andcalledthisareatheIndies,andcalleditsinhabitantsIndians.

　　Whileexploringtheislandsintheareaandlookingforgoldtoloot,Columbus'

mentraveledtotheislandsofHispaniola（nowdividedintoHaitiandtheDominicanRepublic）,Cuba,andmanyothersmallerislands.Onthereturntrip,theSantaMariawaswreckedandthecaptainofthePintasailedoffonhisowntotrytobeatColumbusback.ColumbusreturnedtoSpainintheNina,arrivingonMarch15,1493.

　　TheSecondTrip:

　　Onasecond,largerexpedition（Sept.25,1493-June11,1496）,sailedwith17shipsand1,200to1,500mentofindgoldandcaptureIndiansasslavesintheIndies.ColumbusestablishedabaseinHispaniolaandsailedaroundHispaniolaandalongthelengthofsouthernCuba.HespottedandnamedtheislandofDominicaonNovember3,1493.

　　TheThirdTrip:

　　Onathirdexpedition（May30,1498-October1500）,Columbussailedfarthersouth,toTrinidadandVenezuela（includingthemouthoftheOrinocoRiver）.ColumbuswasthefirstEuropeansincetheVikingLeifEricssontosetfootonthemainlandofAmerica

　　TheFourthTrip:

　　Onhisfourthandlastexpedition（May9,1502-Nov.7,1504）,ColumbussailedtoMexico,HondurasandPanama（inCentralAmerica）andSantiago（Jamaica）.ColumbusisburiedineasternHispaniola（nowcalledtheDominicanRepublic）.

葡萄牙航海家麦哲伦：

　　FerdinandMagellan（Portuguese:

Fernã

odeMagalhã

es,Spanish:

FernandodeMagallanes）（Spring1480–April27,1521,MactanIsland,Cebu,Philippines）wasaPortuguesemaritimeexplorerwho,whileintheserviceoftheSpanishCrown,triedtofindawestwardroutetotheSpiceIslandsofIndonesia.HetherebybecamethefirstpersontoleadanexpeditionacrossthePacificOcean.ThiswasalsothefirstsuccessfulattempttocircumnavigatetheEarthinhistory.Althoughhedidnotcompletetheentirevoyage（hewaskilledduringtheBattleofMactaninthePhilippines）,MagellanhadearliertraveledeastwardtotheSpiceIslands,sohebecameoneofthefirstindividualstocrossallofthemeridiansoftheGlobe.

　　MagellanwasthefirstEuropeantoenterthePacificfromtheeponymousStraitofMagellan,whichhediscovered.HewasalsothefirstEuropeantoreachthearchipelagoofwhatisnowknownasthePhilippines,whichwasunknowntothewesternworldbeforehislanding.Arabtradershadestablishedcommercewithinthearchipelagocenturiesearlier.

　　Ofthe237menwhosetoutonfiveshipstocircumnavigatetheearth,only18completedthecircumnavigationoftheglobeandmanagedtoreturntoSpainin1522.TheywereledbytheBasquenavigatorJuanSebastiá

nElcano,whotookovercommandoftheexpeditionafterMagellan'

sdeath.SeventeenothermenarrivedlaterinSpain,twelvemencapturedbythePortugueseinCapeVerdesomeweeksearlier,andin1525/1526fivesurvivorsoftheTrinidad.

　　Originsandfirstvoyage

　　Magellan,becauseofhisfamily'

sheritage,becameapagetoQueenLeonorattheroyalcourtafterthedeathofhisparentsduringhistenthyear.VerylittleisknownaboutMagellan'

sbackground.HewasthesonofRuideMagalhã

es（sonofPedroAfonsodeMagalhã

esandwifeQuintadeSousa）andwifeAldadeMesquita,andbrotherofDuartedeSousa,DiogodeSousaandIsabeldeMagalhã

es,butexactlyhowheisconnectedtotherespectivefamiliesitisunknown.HewasmarriedtoBeatrizBarbosaandhadtwochildren:

RodrigodeMagalhã

es[3]andCarlosdeMagalhã

es,bothofwhomdiedatayoungage.

　　Magellanmadehisfirstknownexpeditionatseaattheageof25in1505,whenhewassenttoIndiatoinstallFranciscodeAlmeidaasthePortugueseviceroy.ThevoyagegaveMagellanhisfirstexperienceofbattlewhenalocalking,whohadpaidtributetoVascodaGamathreeyearsearlier,refusedtopaytributetoAlmeida,whichresultedintheBattleofDiuin1509.Aftertakingleavewithoutpermission,MagellanfelloutoffavourwithAlmeidaandwasalsoaccusedoftradingillegallywiththeMoors.SeveraloftheaccusationsweresubsequentlyprovedandtherewerenofurtheroffersofemploymentafterMay15,1514.Lateronin1515,MagellanhadanemploymentofferasacrewmemberonaPortugueseship,butrejectedthisoffer.

　　SpanishsearchoftheSpiceIslands

　　TheaimofChristopherColumbus'

voyagetotheWestwastoreachthecoastsoftheSpiceIslands（ortheIndies）andtoestablishcommercialrelationsbetweenSpainandtheseveralAsiankingdoms.TheSpanishsoonrealisedafterColumbus'

voyagesthatthelandsoftheAmericaswerenotapartofAsia,butanewcontinent.OnceVascodaGamaandthePortuguesearrivedinIndiain1498,itbecameurgentforSpaintofindanewcommercialroutetoAsia.TheTreatyofTordesillasreservedforPortugaltheroutesthatwentaroundAfrica.TheSpanishCrownthendecidedtosendoutexplorationvoyagesinordertofindawaytoAsiabytravellingwestwards.VascoNú

ezdeBalboasailedthePacificOceanin1513,andJuanDí

azdeSolí

sdiedinRí

odelaPlatasomeyearslatertryingtofindapassageinSouthAmerica.

　　WhenMagellanarrivedattheCourtofSpain,hepresentedKingCharlesVwithaplanthatwouldgivetheshipsoftheCrownofCastilefullaccesstothelandsoftheSpiceIslands,afterthatplanfailingtogainapprovalfromthePortugueseking,ManuelI.

　　Journey

　　OnAugust10,1519,fiveshipsunderMagellan'

scommand–Trinidad,SanAntonio,Concepció

n,Victoria,andSantiago–leftSevilleandtravelledfromtheGuadalquivirRivertoSanlú

cardeBarramedaatthemouthoftheriver,wheretheyremainedmorethanfiveweeks.

　　SpanishauthoritieswerewaryofMagellan,whowasoriginallyPortuguese.Theyalmostpreventedtheadmiralfromsailing,andswitchedhiscrewfrommostlyPortuguesementomenofSpain.Nevertheless,MagellansetsailfromSanlú

cardeBarramedawithabout270menonSeptember20.KingManuelorderedaPortuguesenavaldetachmenttopursueMagellan,butMagellanavoidedthem.AfterstoppingattheCanaryIslands,MagellanarrivedatCapeVerde,wherehesetcourseforCapeSt.AugustineinBrazil.OnNovember27,theexpeditioncrossedtheequator;

onDecember6,thecrewsightedSouthAmerica.

　　Magellan'

sshipVictoriaSinceBrazilwasPortugueseterritory,Magellanavoidedit,andonDecember13anchorednearpresent-dayRiodeJaneiro.Therethecrewwasresupplied,butbadconditionscausedthemtodelay.Afterwards,theycontinuedtosailsouthalongSouthAmerica'

seastcoast,lookingforthestraitthatMagellanbelievedwouldleadtotheSpiceIslands.ThefleetreachedRí

odelaPlataonJanuary10,1520.

　　OnMarch30,thecrewestablishedasettlementtheycalledPuertoSanJulian.OnApril2,amutinyinvolvingtwoofthefiveshipcaptainsbrokeout,butitwasunsuccessfulbecausemostofthecrewremainedloyal.JuanSebastiá

nElcanowasoneofthosewhowereforgiven.AntonioPigafetta,anItalianfromVicenzawhopaidtobeontheMagellanvoyage,relatedthatGasparQuesada,thecaptainofConcepcion,wasexecuted;

JuandeCartagena,thecaptainofSanAntonio,andapriestnamedPadreSanchezdelaReinawereinsteadmaroonedonthecoast.AnotheraccountstatesthatLuisdeMendoza,thecaptainofVictoria,wasexecutedalongwithQuesada.Reportedlythosekilledweredrawnandquarteredandimpaledonthecoast;

yearslater,theirboneswerefoundbySirFrancisDrake.

　　TheStraitofMage

迪亚士

BartolomeuDias 

（Portuguesepronunciation:

[baɾtuluˈmewˈdi.ɐʃ];

Anglicized:

BartholomewDiaz;

c.1451 

–29May1500[2]）,anoblemanofthePortuguese 

royalhousehold,wasaPortuguese 

explorer.HesailedaroundthesouthernmosttipofAfricain1488,reachingthe 

IndianOcean 

fromthe 

Atlantic,thefirstEuropeanknowntohavedoneso.

PurposesoftheDiasexpedition[edit]

BartolomeuDiaswasa 

Knight 

oftheroyalcourt,superintendentoftheroyalwarehouses,andsailing-masterofthe 

man-of-war, 

Sã

oCristó

vã

o 

（SaintChristopher）.King 

JohnIIofPortugal 

appointedhim,on10October1487,toheadanexpeditiontosailaroundthesoutherntipofAfricainthehopeoffindingatraderoutetoIndia.Diaswasalsochargedwithsearchingforthelandsruledby 

PresterJohn,whowasafabledChristianpriestandruler.[3]

Theexpedition[edit]

Dias'

ship 

waspilotedby 

Pê

rodeAlenquer.Asecondcaravel,the 

oPantaleã

o,wascommandedby 

Joã

oInfante 

andpilotedby 

Á

lvaroMartins.Dias'

brother 

roDias 

wasthecaptainofthesquare-riggedsupportshipwithJoã

odeSantiagoaspilot.[citationneeded]

Anillustrationofthe 

and 

o

TheexpeditionsailedsouthalongthewestcoastofAfrica.ExtraprovisionswerepickeduponthewayatthePortuguese