六月大学英语六级考试试题Word文件下载.docx
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Obama'
ssuccessisn'
tallgoodnewsforblackAmericans
AsErinWhitewatchedtheelectionresultsheadtowardsvictoryforBarackObama,shefeltaburdenliftingfromhershoulders."
Inthatonesecond,itwasavalidationformywholerace,"
sherecalls.
"
I'
vealwaysbeenanachiever,"
saysWhite,whoisstudyingforanMBAatVanderbiltUniversityinNashville,Tennessee."
ButtherehadalwaysbeenthesethingsinthebackofmymindquestioningwhetherIreallycanbewhoIwant.Itwaslikeashadow,followingmearoundsayingyoucanonlygosofar.Nowit'
slikeabarrierhasbeenletdown."
White'
sexperienceiswhatmanypsychologistshadexpected-thatObamawouldprovetobeapowerfulrolemodelforAfricanAmericans.SomehopedhisrisetoprominencewouldhaveabigimpactonwhiteAmericans,too,challengingthosewhostillharbourracistsentiments."
Thetraitsthatcharacterisehimareverycontradictorytotheracialstereotypesthatblackpeopleareaggressiveanduneducated,"
saysAshbyPlantofFloridaStateUniversity."
He'
sveryintelligentandeloquent."
Stinginthetail
AshbyPlantisoneofanumberofpsychologistswhoseizedonObama'
scandidacytotesthypothesesaboutthepowerofrolemodels.Theirworkisalreadystartingtorevealhowthe"
Obamaeffect"
ischangingpeople'
sviewsandbehaviour.Perhapssurprisingly,itisnotallgoodnews:
thereisastinginthetailoftheObamaeffect.
Butfirstthegoodnews.BarackObamareallyisapositiverolemodelforAfricanAmericans,andhewasmakinganimpactevenbeforehegottotheWhiteHouse.Indeed,theObamaeffectcanbesurprisinglyimmediateandpowerful,asRayFriedmanofVanderbiltUniversityandhiscolleaguesdiscovered.
TheytestedfourseparategroupsatfourkeystagesofObama'
spresidentialcampaign.Eachgroupconsistedofaround120adultsofsimilarageandeducation,andthetestassessedtheirlanguageskills.Attwoofthesestages,whenObama'
ssuccesswaslessthancertain,thetestsshowedacleardifferencebetweenthescoresofthewhiteandblackparticipants—anaverageof12.1outof20,comparedto8.8,forexample.WhentheObamafeverwasatitsheight,however,theblackparticipantsperformedmuchbetter.ThosewhohadwatchedObama'
sacceptancespeechastheDemocrats'
presidentialcandidateperformedjustaswell,onaverage,asthewhitesubjects.Afterhiselectionvictory,thiswastrueofalltheblackparticipants.
Dramaticshift
Whatcanexplainthisdramaticshift?
Atthestartofthetest,theparticipantshadtodeclaretheirraceandweretoldtheirresultswouldbeusedtoassesstheirstrengthsandweaknesses.Thisshouldhaveprimedthesubjectswith"
stereotypethreat"
–ananxietythattheirresultswillconfirmnegativestereotypes,whichhasbeenshowntodamagetheperformanceofAfricanAmericans.
ssuccessesseemedtoactasashieldagainstthis."
Wesuspecttheyfeltinspiredandenergisedbyhisvictory,sothestereotypethreatwouldn'
tproveadistraction,"
saysFriedman.
Lingeringracism
IftheObamaeffectispositiveforAfricanAmericans,howisitaffectingtheirwhitecompatriots(同胞)?
Istheexperienceofhavingacharismatic(有魅力的)blackpresidentmodifyinglingeringracistattitudes?
Thereisnoeasywaytomeasureracismdirectly;
insteadpsychologistsassesswhatisknownas"
implicitbias"
usingacomputer-basedtestthatmeasureshowquicklypeopleassociatepositiveandnegativewords—suchas"
love"
or"
evil"
—withphotosofblackorwhitefaces.Asimilartestcanalsomeasurehowquicklysubjectsassociatestereotypicaltraits—suchasathleticskillsormentalability—withaparticulargroup.
InastudythatwillappearintheJournalofExperimentalSocialPsychology,Plant'
steamtested229studentsduringtheheightoftheObamafever.Theyfoundthatimplicitbiashasfallenbyasmuchas90%comparedwiththelevelfoundinasimilarstudyin2006."
That'
sanunusuallylargedrop,"
Plantsays.
Whiletheteamcan'
tbesuretheirresultsareduesolelytoObama,theyalsoshowedthatthosewiththelowestbiaswerelikelytosubconsciouslyassociateblackskincolourwithpoliticalwordssuchas"
government"
president"
.ThissuggeststhatObamawasstronglyontheirmind,saysPlant.
Dropinbias
BrianNosekoftheUniversityofVirginiainCharlottesville,whorunsawebsitethatmeasuresimplicitbiasusingsimilartest,hasalsoobservedasmalldropinbiasinthe700,000visitorstothesitesinceJanuary2007,whichmightbeexplainedbyObama'
srisetopopularity.However,hispreliminaryresultssuggestthatchangewillbemuchslowercomingthanPlant'
sresultssuggest.
Talkinghonestly
PeoplenowhavetheopportunityofexpressingsupportforObamaeveryday,"
saysDanielEffronatStanfordUniversityinCalifornia."
OurresearcharousestheconcernthatpeoplemaynowbemorelikelytoraisenegativeviewsofAfricanAmericans."
Ontheotherhand,hesays,itmayjustencouragepeopletotalkmorehonestlyabouttheirfeelingsregardingraceissues,whichmaynotbesuchabadthing.
Anotherpartofthestudysuggestsfarmoreisatstakethanthemereexpressionofviews.TheObamaeffectmayhaveanegativeside.JustoneweekafterObamawaselectedpresident,participantswerelessreadytosupportpoliciesdesignedtoaddressracialinequalitythantheyhadbeentwoweeksbeforetheelection.
Hugeobstacles
Itcould,ofcourse,alsobethatObama'
ssuccesshelpspeopletoforgetthatadisproportionatenumberofblackAmericansstillliveinpovertyandfacehugeobstacleswhentryingtoovercomethesecircumstances."
BarackObama'
sfamilyissuchasalient(出色的)image,wegeneraliseitandfailtoseethelargerpicture—thatthere'
sinjusticeineveryaspectofAmericanlife,"
saysCherylKaiseroftheUniversityofWashingtoninSeattle.ThosetryingtoaddressissuesofracialinequalityneedtoconstantlyremindpeopleoftheinequalitiesthatstillexisttocounteracttheObama'
seffect,shesays.
ThoughPlant'
sfindingsweremorepositive,shetoowarnsagainstthinkingthatracismandracialinequalitiesarenolongeraproblem."
ThelastthingIwantisforpeopletothinkeverything'
ssolved."
ThesefindingsdonotonlyapplytoObama,orevenjusttorace.Theyshouldholdforanyrolemodelinanycountry."
There'
snoreasonwewouldn'
thaveseenthesameeffectonourviewsofwomenifHillaryClintonorSarahPalinhadbeenelected,"
saysEffron.Sotheelectionofafemaleleadermighthaveadownsideforotherwomen.
Beyondrace
Wealsodon'
tyetknowhowlongtheObamaeffect—bothitsgoodsideanditsbad—willlast.Politicalsentimentisnotoriouslychangeable:
WhatifthingsbegintogowrongforObama,andhispopularityslumps?
AndwhatifAmericansbecomesofamiliarwithhavingObamaastheirpresidentthattheystopconsideringhisracealtogether?
"
Overtimehemightbecomehisownentity,"
saysPlant.Thismightseemliketheultimatedefeatforracism,butignoringtheraceofcertainselectindividuals—aphenomenonthatpsychologistscallsubtyping—alsohasaninsidious(隐伏的)side."
Wethinkithappenstohelppeoplepreservetheirbeliefs,sotheycanstillholdontothepreviousstereotypes."
ThatcouldturnouttobethecruellestofallthetwiststotheObamaeffect
注意:
此部分试题请在答题卡1上作答。
1.HowdidErinWhitefeeluponseeingBarackObama'
svictoryintheelection
A)Excited.
B)Victorious.
C)Anxious.
D)Relieved
2.Beforetheelection,ErinWhitehasbeenhauntedbythequestionofwhether______.
A)shecouldobtainherMBAdegree
B)shecouldgoasfarasshewantedinlife
C)shewasovershadowedbyherwhitepeers
D)shewasreallyanachieverasastudent
3.WhatisthefocusofAshbyPlant'
sstudy?
A)RacistsentimentsinAmerica.
B)Thepowerofrolemodels.
C)Personalitytraitsofsuccessfulblacks.
D)ThedualcharacterofAfricanAmericans.
4.Intheirexperiments,RayFriedmanandhiscolleaguesfoundthat______.
A)blacksandwhitesbehaveddifferentlyduringtheelection
B)whites'
attitudetowardsblackshasdramaticallychanged
C)Obama'
selectionhaseliminatedtheprejudiceagainstblacks
D)Obama'
ssuccessimpactedblacks'
performanceinlanguagetests
5.WhatdoBrianNosek'
spreliminaryresults