大学英语六级考试真题及答案Word下载.docx

大学英语六级考试真题及答案Word下载.docx

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AsErinWhitewatchedtheelectionresultsheadtowardsvictoryforBarackObama,shefeltaburdenliftingfromhershoulders."

Inthatonesecond,itwasavalidationformywholerace,"

sherecalls.

"

I'

vealwaysbeenanachiever,"

saysWhite,whoisstudyingforanMBAatVanderbiltUniversityinNashville,Tennessee."

ButtherehadalwaysbeenthesethingsinthebackofmymindquestioningwhetherIreallycanbewhoIwant.Itwaslikeashadow,followingmearoundsayingyoucanonlygosofar.Nowit'

slikeabarrierhasbeenletdown."

White'

sexperienceiswhatmanypsychologistshadexpected-thatObamawouldprovetobeapowerfulrolemodelforAfricanAmericans.SomehopedhisrisetoprominencewouldhaveabigimpactonwhiteAmericans,too,challengingthosewhostillharbourracistsentiments."

Thetraitsthatcharacterisehimareverycontradictorytotheracialstereotypesthatblackpeopleareaggressiveanduneducated,"

saysAshbyPlantofFloridaStateUniversity."

He'

sveryintelligentandeloquent."

Stinginthetail

AshbyPlantisoneofanumberofpsychologistswhoseizedonObama'

scandidacytotesthypothesesaboutthepowerofrolemodels.Theirworkisalreadystartingtorevealhowthe"

Obamaeffect"

ischangingpeople'

sviewsandbehaviour.Perhapssurprisingly,itisnotallgoodnews:

thereisastinginthetailoftheObamaeffect.

Butfirstthegoodnews.BarackObamareallyisapositiverolemodelforAfricanAmericans,andhewasmakinganimpactevenbeforehegottotheWhiteHouse.Indeed,theObamaeffectcanbesurprisinglyimmediateandpowerful,asRayFriedmanofVanderbiltUniversityandhiscolleaguesdiscovered.

TheytestedfourseparategroupsatfourkeystagesofObama'

spresidentialcampaign.Eachgroupconsistedofaround120adultsofsimilarageandeducation,andthetestassessedtheirlanguageskills.Attwoofthesestages,whenObama'

ssuccesswaslessthancertain,thetestsshowedacleardifferencebetweenthescoresofthewhiteandblackparticipants—anaverageof12.1outof20,comparedto8.8,forexample.WhentheObamafeverwasatitsheight,however,theblackparticipantsperformedmuchbetter.ThosewhohadwatchedObama'

sacceptancespeechastheDemocrats'

presidentialcandidateperformedjustaswell,onaverage,asthewhitesubjects.Afterhiselectionvictory,thiswastrueofalltheblackparticipants.

Dramaticshift

Whatcanexplainthisdramaticshift?

Atthestartofthetest,theparticipantshadtodeclaretheirraceandweretoldtheirresultswouldbeusedtoassesstheirstrengthsandweaknesses.Thisshouldhaveprimedthesubjectswith"

stereotypethreat"

–ananxietythattheirresultswillconfirmnegativestereotypes,whichhasbeenshowntodamagetheperformanceofAfricanAmericans.

Obama'

ssuccessesseemedtoactasashieldagainstthis."

Wesuspecttheyfeltinspiredandenergisedbyhisvictory,sothestereotypethreatwouldn'

tproveadistraction,"

saysFriedman.

Lingeringracism

IftheObamaeffectispositiveforAfricanAmericans,howisitaffectingtheirwhitecompatriots（同胞）?

Istheexperienceofhavingacharismatic（有魅力的）blackpresidentmodifyinglingeringracistattitudes?

Thereisnoeasywaytomeasureracismdirectly;

insteadpsychologistsassesswhatisknownas"

implicitbias"

usingacomputer-basedtestthatmeasureshowquicklypeopleassociatepositiveandnegativewords—suchas"

love"

or"

evil"

—withphotosofblackorwhitefaces.Asimilartestcanalsomeasurehowquicklysubjectsassociatestereotypicaltraits—suchasathleticskillsormentalability—withaparticulargroup.

InastudythatwillappearintheJournalofExperimentalSocialPsychology,Plant'

steamtested229studentsduringtheheightoftheObamafever.Theyfoundthatimplicitbiashasfallenbyasmuchas90%comparedwiththelevelfoundinasimilarstudyin2006."

That'

sanunusuallylargedrop,"

Plantsays.

Whiletheteamcan'

tbesuretheirresultsareduesolelytoObama,theyalsoshowedthatthosewiththelowestbiaswerelikelytosubconsciouslyassociateblackskincolourwithpoliticalwordssuchas"

government"

president"

.ThissuggeststhatObamawasstronglyontheirmind,saysPlant.

Dropinbias

BrianNosekoftheUniversityofVirginiainCharlottesville,whorunsawebsitethatmeasuresimplicitbiasusingsimilartest,hasalsoobservedasmalldropinbiasinthe700,000visitorstothesitesinceJanuary2007,whichmightbeexplainedbyObama'

srisetopopularity.However,hispreliminaryresultssuggestthatchangewillbemuchslowercomingthanPlant'

sresultssuggest.

Talkinghonestly

PeoplenowhavetheopportunityofexpressingsupportforObamaeveryday,"

saysDanielEffronatStanfordUniversityinCalifornia."

OurresearcharousestheconcernthatpeoplemaynowbemorelikelytoraisenegativeviewsofAfricanAmericans."

Ontheotherhand,hesays,itmayjustencouragepeopletotalkmorehonestlyabouttheirfeelingsregardingraceissues,whichmaynotbesuchabadthing.

Anotherpartofthestudysuggestsfarmoreisatstakethanthemereexpressionofviews.TheObamaeffectmayhaveanegativeside.JustoneweekafterObamawaselectedpresident,participantswerelessreadytosupportpoliciesdesignedtoaddressracialinequalitythantheyhadbeentwoweeksbeforetheelection.

Hugeobstacles

Itcould,ofcourse,alsobethatObama'

ssuccesshelpspeopletoforgetthatadisproportionatenumberofblackAmericansstillliveinpovertyandfacehugeobstacleswhentryingtoovercomethesecircumstances."

BarackObama'

sfamilyissuchasalient（出色的）image,wegeneraliseitandfailtoseethelargerpicture—thatthere'

sinjusticeineveryaspectofAmericanlife,"

saysCherylKaiseroftheUniversityofWashingtoninSeattle.ThosetryingtoaddressissuesofracialinequalityneedtoconstantlyremindpeopleoftheinequalitiesthatstillexisttocounteracttheObama'

seffect,shesays.

ThoughPlant'

sfindingsweremorepositive,shetoowarnsagainstthinkingthatracismandracialinequalitiesarenolongeraproblem."

ThelastthingIwantisforpeopletothinkeverything'

ssolved."

ThesefindingsdonotonlyapplytoObama,orevenjusttorace.Theyshouldholdforanyrolemodelinanycountry."

There'

snoreasonwewouldn'

thaveseenthesameeffectonourviewsofwomenifHillaryClintonorSarahPalinhadbeenelected,"

saysEffron.Sotheelectionofafemaleleadermighthaveadownsideforotherwomen.

Beyondrace

Wealsodon'

tyetknowhowlongtheObamaeffect—bothitsgoodsideanditsbad—willlast.Politicalsentimentisnotoriouslychangeable:

WhatifthingsbegintogowrongforObama,andhispopularityslumps?

AndwhatifAmericansbecomesofamiliarwithhavingObamaastheirpresidentthattheystopconsideringhisracealtogether?

Overtimehemightbecomehisownentity,"

saysPlant.Thismightseemliketheultimatedefeatforracism,butignoringtheraceofcertainselectindividuals—aphenomenonthatpsychologistscallsubtyping—alsohasaninsidious（隐伏的）side."

Wethinkithappenstohelppeoplepreservetheirbeliefs,sotheycanstillholdontothepreviousstereotypes."

ThatcouldturnouttobethecruellestofallthetwiststotheObamaeffect.

1.HowdidErinWhitefeeluponseeingBarackObama'

svictoryintheelection?

A）Excited.

B）Victorious.

C）Anxious.

D）Relieved.

2.Beforetheelection,ErinWhitehasbeenhauntedbythequestionofwhether______.

A）shecouldobtainherMBAdegree

B）shecouldgoasfarasshewantedinlife

C）shewasovershadowedbyherwhitepeers

D）shewasreallyanachieverasastudent

3.WhatisthefocusofAshbyPlant'

sstudy?

A）RacistsentimentsinAmerica.

B）Thepowerofrolemodels.

C）Personalitytraitsofsuccessfulblacks.

D）ThedualcharacterofAfricanAmericans.

4.Intheirexperiments,RayFriedmanandhiscolleaguesfoundthat______.

A）blacksandwhitesbehaveddifferentlyduringtheelection

B）whites'

attitudetowardsblackshasdramaticallychanged

C）Obama'

selectionhaseliminatedtheprejudiceagainstblacks

D）Obama'

ssuccessimpactedblacks'

performanceinlanguagetests

5.WhatdoBrianNosek'

spreliminaryresultssuggest?

A）Thechangeinbiasagainstblacksisslowincoming.

B）Biasagainstblackshasexperiencedanunusualdrop.

C）Websitevisitor'

sopinionsarefarfrombeingreliable.

spopularitymaydeclineastimepassesby.

6.AnegativesideoftheObamaeffectisthat______.

A）morepeoplehavestartedtocriticisePresidentObama'

sracialpolicies

B）relationsbetweenwhitesandAfricanAmericansmaybecometenseagain

C）peoplearenowlessreadytosupportpoliciesaddressingracialinequality

D）whitepeoplearelikelytobecomemorecriticalofAfricanAmericans

7.CherylKaiserholdsthatpeopleshouldbeconstantlyremindedthat______.

A）Obama'

ssuccessissoundproofof