亨格瑞管理会计英文第15版练习答案解析Word格式.docx

亨格瑞管理会计英文第15版练习答案解析Word格式.docx

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45

56

LO3:

Distinguishbetweendirectandindirectcosts.

A1,B1

36,37,38,39,44

45,49

LO4:

Explainthemajorreasonsforallocatingcosts.

B2

33,41

46

54

LO5:

Identifythemaintypesofmanufacturingcosts:

directmaterials,directlabor,andindirectproductioncosts.

36,37,38,39

LO6:

Explainhowthefinancialstatementsofmerchandisersandmanufacturersdifferbecauseofthetypesofgoodstheysell.

A2

57,60,61

LO7:

Understandthemaindifferencesbetweentraditionalandactivity-basedcostingsystemsandwhyABCsystemsprovidevaluetomanagers.

A3,A4,B3,B4

33,40,41,42

48,49,50

55,56,57,58,59,60,61

LO8:

Useactivity-basedcostinformationtomakestrategicandoperationalcontroldecisions.

A4,B4

32,37,43

55,56,60

CostManagementSystemsandActivity-BasedCosting

4-A1（20-30min.）

SeeTable4-A1onthefollowingpage.

4-A2（25-30min.）

1.MerchandiseInventories,1,000devices@$97$97,000

2.Directmaterialsinventory$40,000

Work-in-processinventory0

Finishedgoodsinventory97,000

Totalinventories$137,000

3.

NILEELECTRONICSPRODUCTS

StatementofOperatingIncome

FortheYearEndedDecember31,20X9

Sales（9,000unitsat$170）$1,530,000

Costofgoodssold:

Beginninginventory$0

Purchases970,000

Costofgoodsavailableforsale$970,000

Lessendinginventory97,000

Costofgoodssold（anexpense）873,000

Grossmarginorgrossprofit$657,000

Lessotherexpenses:

selling&

administrativecosts185,000

Operatingincome（alsoincomebeforetaxes

inthisexample）$472,000

TABLE4-A1

STATEMENTOFOPERATINGINCOMEOPERATINGINCOMEBYPRODUCTLINE

EXTERNALREPORTINGPURPOSEINTERNALSTRATEGICDECISIONMAKINGPURPOSE

CustomLargeSmall

DetailedStd.Std.CostType,AssignmentMethod

Sales$155,000$30,000$45,000$80,000

Costofgoodssold:

Directmaterial40,0005,00015,00020,000Direct,DirectTrace

Indirectmanufacturing41,00028,00015,0008,000Indirect,Alloc.–Mach.Hours

81,00033,00020,00028,000 

Grossprofit74,000（3,000）25,00052,000 

Sellingandadministrativeexpenses:

Commissions15,0001,5003,50010,000Direct,DirectTrace

Distributiontowarehouses10,4001,00023,0006,400Indirect,Allocation-Weight

Totalsellingandadmin.expenses25,4002,5006,50016,400 

Contributiontocorporateexpenses

andprofit48,600$（5,500）$18,500$35,600 

Unallocatedexpenses:

Administrativesalaries8,000 

Otheradministrativeexpenses4,000 

Totalunallocatedexpenses12,000 

Operatingincomebeforetax$36,600 

1Totalmachinehoursis1,400+250+400=2,050.Indirectmanufacturingcostpermachinehouristhen$41,000÷

2,050=$20.Theallocationtocustomdetailedis$20×

1,400machinehours=$28,000.

2Totalweightshippedis25,000kg+75,000kg+160,000kg=260,000kg.Indirectdistributioncostsperkilogramisthen$10,400÷

260,000kg=$0.04.Theallocationtocustomdetailedis$0.04×

25,000kg=$1,000.

4.ORINOCO,INC.

Sales（9,000unitsat$170）$1,530,000

Costofgoodsmanufacturedandsold:

Beginningfinishedgoodsinventory$0

Costofgoodsmanufactured:

BeginningWIPinventory$0

Directmaterialsused530,000

Directlabor290,000

Indirectmanufacturing150,000

Totalmfg.coststoaccountfor$970,000

Lessendingwork-in-

processinventory0970,000

Costofgoodsavailableforsale$970,000

Lessendingfinishedgoodsinventory97,000

Grossmarginorgrossprofit$657,000

sellingandadministrativecosts185,000

5.Thebalancesheetforthemerchandiser（Nile）hasjustonelineforinventories,theendinginventoryoftheitemspurchasedforresale.Thebalancesheetforthemanufacturer（Orinoco）hasthreeitems:

directmaterialsinventory,work-in-processinventory,andfinishedgoodsinventory.

Theincomestatementsaresimilarexceptforthecomputationofcostofgoodsavailableforsale.Themerchandiser（Nile）simplyshowspurchasesfortheyearplusbeginninginventory.Incontrast,themanufacturer（Orinoco）showsbeginningwork-in-processinventoryplusthethreecategoriesofcostthatcomprisemanufacturingcost（directmaterialsused,directlabor,andfactory（ormanufacturing）overhead）andthendeductstheendingwork-in-processinventory.Themanufacturerthenaddsthebeginningfinishedgoodsinventorytothiscostofgoodsmanufacturedtogetthecostofgoodsavailableforsale.

6.Thepurposeisprovidingaggregatemeasuresofinventoryvalueandcostofgoodsmanufacturedforexternalreportingtoinvestors,creditors,andotherexternalstakeholders.

4-A3（10-15min.）

Therecanbemanyjustifiableanswersforeachitemotherthanthelistedcostdriverandbehavior.ThepurposeofthisexerciseistogenerateanactivediscussionregardingthosechosenbyFirstBank’smanagers.Onepointthatshouldbeemphasizedisthatmanytimesmanagerschoosecostdriversthatarenotthemostplausibleorreliablebecauseoflackofdataavailability.Costdriversarealsousedasabasistoallocateactivityandresourcecostsandsotheavailabilityofdataisoftenanimportantconsideration.

Activity

OrCost

ResourceCostDriverBehavior

a.*RNumberofsquarefeetF

b.**RNumberofpersonhoursF

c.RNumberofcomputertransactionsV

d.ANumberofschedules

e.RNumberofpersonhoursF

f.RNumberofloaninquiriesV

g.***ANumberofinvestments

h.ANumberofapplications

i.RNumberofpersonhoursV

j.RNumberofminutesV

k.RNumberofpersonhoursF

l.ANumberofloans

*Anargumentcanbemadethatmaintenanceofthebuildingisanactivity.Ifthiswasthecase,resourcessuchassuppliesandlaborwouldberesourcesconsumed,andseveralresourcecostdriverswouldbeneeded.Inaddition,aseparateresourceandassociatedcostdriverwouldbeneededforinsurancecosts.However,thecompanyhadacontractformaintenance（fixedprice）,sothiswasafixed-costresourcethatwasaddedtootheroccupancycostssuchasinsurance.Thecostdriverchosenforalltheseoccupancycostswassquarefeetoccupiedbythevariousdepartments.

**Normally,thecostdriverusedforanylaborresourceispersonhours.Itisassumedthatthestaffpersonhoursusedareregularhoursratherthanovertimeortemporarylaborhours.Thus,thecostisfixedwithrespecttochangesinhoursused.Asthehoursusedincreases（decreases）theutilizationoftheresourcesincreases（decreases）andeventually,managementwillneedtomakeadecisionwhethertoexpandcapacity（orwhethertocutbackonlabor）.Thisisanexampleofastepcostthatisfixedoverwiderangesofcost-driverlevel.

***Studentsmaytrytodeterminethecostbehaviorofactivitieseventhoughtheproblemrequirementsdonotaskforit.Pointoutthatactivitiesalmostalwayshavemixedcostbehaviorbecausetheyconsumevariousresources.Someofthesearefixed-costandothersvariable-costresources.Forexample,theactivity“researchtoevaluatealoanapplication”consumessuchfixed-costresourcesasmanagerlabortimeandcomputers（assumedownedbythebank）.Thisactivityalsoconsumesvariable-costresourcessuchastelecommunicationstimeandexternalcomputingservices.

4-A4（20-30min.）

1.Thefirststepistodeterminethecostpercost-driverunitforeachactivity:

MonthlyCost-Costper

ManufacturingDriverDriver

Activity[Costdriver]OverheadActivityUnit

MaterialHandling[Directmaterialscost]$12,000$200,000$0.06

Engineering[Engineeringchangenotices]20,000201,000.00

Power[Kilowatthours]16,000400,0000.04

TotalManufacturingOverhead$48,000

Next,thecostsofeachactivitycanbeallocatedtoeachofthethreeproducts:

PHYSICALFLOW/ALLOCATEDCOST

CostSeniorBasicDeluxe

MaterialHandling$.06×

25,000=$1,500$.06×

50,000=$3,000$.06×

125,000=$7,500

Engineering$1,000×

13=13,000$1,000×

5=5,000$1,000×

2=2,000

Power$.04×

50,000=2,000$.04×

200,000=8,000$.04×

150,000=6,000

Total$16,500$16,000$15,500

2.Overheadratebasedondirectlaborcosts:

Rate=Totalmanufacturingoverhead÷

Totaldirectlaborcost

=$48,000÷

$8,000=$6.00/DL$

Overheadallocatedtoeachproductis:

Senior:

$6.00×

4,000=$24,000

Basic:

1,000=6,000

Deluxe:

3,000=18,000

Total$48,000

NoticethatmuchlessmanufacturingoverheadcostisallocatedtoBasicusingdirectlaborasacostdriver.Why?

BecauseBasicusesonlyasmallamountoflaborbutlargeamountsofotherresources,especiallypower.

3.Theproductcostsinrequirement1aremoreaccurateifthecostdriversaregoodindicatorsofthecausesofthecosts--theyarebothplausibleandreliable.Forexample,kilowatthoursiscertainlyabettermeasureofthecostofpowercoststhanisdirectlaborhours.Therefore,theallocationofpowercostsinrequirement1iscertainlybetterthaninrequirement2.Materialshandlingandengineeringarelikewisemoreplausible.Amanagerwouldb