新视野大学英语第三版读写教程第二册Unit6课文语法讲解Word格式.docx

新视野大学英语第三版读写教程第二册Unit6课文语法讲解Word格式.docx

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treallyappreciatedbymanyofhisloyalsoldiersastheywatchedtheirvesselsgoupinflames.ButthegeniusofGeneralXiangYu'

sconvictionwouldbevalidatedbothonthebattlefieldandinmodernsocialscienceresearch.GeneralXiangYuwasarareexceptiontothenorm,aveteranleaderwhowashighlyrespectedforhismanyconquestsandwhoachievedthesummitofsuccess.

4HeisfeaturedinDanAriely'

senlighteningnewpublication,PredictablyIrrational,afascinatinginvestigationofseeminglyirrationalhumanbehavior,suchasthetendencyforkeepingmultipleoptionsopen.Mostpeoplecan'

tmarshalthewillforpainfulchoices,notevenstudentsattheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnology（MIT）,whereDr.Arielyteachesbehavioraleconomics.Inanexperimentthatinvestigateddecision-making,hundredsofstudentscouldn'

tbeartolettheiroptionsvanish,eventhoughitwascleartheywouldprofitfromdoingso.

5Theexperimentrevolvedaroundagamethateliminatedtheexcusesweusuallyhaveforrefusingtoletgo.Intherealworld,wecanalwayssay,"

It'

sgoodtopreserveouroptions."

Wantagoodexample?

Ateenagerisexhaustedfromsoccer,ballet,piano,andChineselessons,butherparentswon'

tstopanyoneofthembecausetheymightcomeinhandysomeday!

6Intheexperimentsessions,studentsplayedacomputergamethatprovidedcashbehindthreedoorsappearingonthescreen.Therulewasthemoremoneyyouearned,thebetterplayeryouwere,givenatotalof100clicks.Everytimethestudentsopenedadoorbyclickingonit,theywoulduse

uponeclickbutwouldn'

tgetanymoney.However,eachsubsequentclickonthatdoorwouldearnafluctuatingsumofmoney,withonedooralwaysrevealingmoremoneythantheothers.Theimportantpartoftherulewaseachdoorswitch,thoughhavingnocashvalue,wouldalsouseuponeofthe100clicks.Therefore,thewinningstrategywastoquicklycheckallthedoorsandkeepclickingontheonewiththeseeminglyhighestrewards.

7Whileplayingthegame,studentsnoticedamodifiedvisualelement:

Anydoorleftun-clickedforashortwhilewouldshrinkinsizeandvanish.Sincetheyalreadyunderstoodthegame,theyshouldhaveignoredthevanishingdoors.Nevertheless,theyhurriedtoclickonthelesserdoorsbeforetheyvanished,tryingtokeepthemopen.Asaresult,theywastedsomanyclicksrushingbacktothevanishingdoorsthattheylostmoneyintheend.Whywerethestudentssoattachedtothelesserdoors?

Theywouldprobablyprotestthattheywereclingingtothedoorstokeepfutureoptionsopen,but,accordingtoDr.Ariely,thatisn'

tthetruefactor.

8Insteadoftheexcusetomaintainfutureoptionsopen,underneathitallthestudents'

desirewastoavoidtheimmediate,thoughtemporary,painofwatchingoptionsclose."

Closingadooronanoptionisexperiencedasaloss,andpeoplearewillingtopayabigpricetoavoidtheemotionofloss,"

Dr.Arielysays.Intheexperiment,thepricewaseasilymeasuredinlostcash.Inlife,thecorrespondingcostsareoftenlessobvioussuchaswastedtimeormissedopportunities.

9"

Sometimesthesedoorsareclosingtooslowlyforustoseethemvanishing,"

Dr.Arielywrites."

Wemayworkmorehoursatourjobswithoutrealizingthatthechildhoodofoursonsanddaughtersisslippingaway."

10So,whatcanbedonetorestorebalanceinourlives?

Oneanswer,Dr.Arielysays,istoimplementmoreprohibitionsonoverbooking.Wecanworktoreduceoptionsonourown,delegatingtaskstoothersandevengivingawayideasforotherstopursue.Hepointstomarriageasanexample,"

Inmarriage,wecreateasituationwherewepromiseourselvesnottokeepoptionsopen.Weclosedoorsandannouncetootherswe'

vecloseddoors."

11Sinceconductingthedoorexperiment,Dr.Arielysayshehasmadeaconsciousefforttolessenhisload.Heurgestherestofustoresignfromcommittees,pruneholidaycardlists,rethinkhobbiesandrememberthelessonsofdoorcloserslikeXiangYu.

12Inotherwords,Dr.Arielyisencouragingustodiscardthosethingsthatseemtohaveoutwardmeritinfavorofthosethingsthatactuallyenrichour

lives.Wearenaturallyprejudicedtobelievethatmoreisbetter,butDr.Ariely'

sresearchprovidesadoseofrealitythatstronglysuggestsotherwise.

13Whatpricedowepayfortryingtohavemoreandmoreinlife?

Whatpleasureandsatisfactioncanbederivedfromfocusingourenergyandattentioninamoreconcentratedfashion?

Surely,wewillhaveourrespectiveanswers.

14Considertheseimportantquestions:

Willwehavemorebyalwaysincreasingoptionsorwillwehavemorewithfewer,carefullychosenoptions?

Whatdoorsshouldwecloseinordertoallowtherightwindowsofopportunityandhappinesstoopen?

LanguagePoints:

1Thenexttimeyou’redecidingbetweenrivaloptions,onewhichisprimaryandtheotherwhichissecondary,askyourselfthisquestion:

（Para.1）

Meaning:

Thenexttimewhenyouaretomakeachoicebetweentwocompetingoptions,youhavetodistinguishwhichistheprimaryoneandwhichistheminorone.Tobeenlightened,youcanaskyourselfwhatoptionXiangYuwouldchoose.

Meaningbeyondwords:

ItsuggeststhatXiangYuwasawonderfuldecision-maker.Note:

Thephraserivaloptionsmeansthatbothoptionsseemlikegoodchoices,butonechoiceissomewhatbetterthantheother.Inthiscase,itistheonethatXiangYuchosetoimplement.

2XiangYuwasaChineseimperialgeneralinthethirdcenturyBCwhotookhistroopsacrosstheZhangRiveronaraidintoenemyterritory.（Para.2）

XiangYuwasanancientChinesegeneralinthethirdcenturyBC.HeledhistroopsacrosstheZhangRivertoattacktheenemyinitsterritory.

3Tohistroops’astonishment,heorderedtheircookingpotscrushedandtheirsailingshipsburned.（Para.2）

Tomakesurehistroopswouldwinthebattlequickly,XiangYuorderedthesoldierstocrushtheircookingpotsandburntheirsailingboatsafterheledhistroopsacrosstheZhangRivertoattacktheenemy.Thisway,heclosedthedoorforretreatingfromtheenemy’sterritoryandsentoutaclearmessagetohismenthattheyonlyhadtwochoices:

towinthebattleordieinthebattle.However,hisdecisionwasobviouslyagainstnormalpractice,whichgreatlyshockedhistroops.

4Heexplainedthathewasimposingonthemanecessityforattainingvictoryovertheiropponents.（Para.3）

Byhavingtheircookingpotscrushedandtheirsailingshipsburned,XiangYuputhistroopsinsuchadesperateconditionthattheywouldn’thaveanyhopetoescapebutfighttosurviveandeventuallywinthebattle.Inotherwords,XiangYugavehistroopsonlyoneoption.

Usagenote:

rival,opponent

rival和opponent都可以用作名词，都可以表示“对手”，但两者有区别。

1rival指在同一领域中为相同目标相竞争或相匹敌的对手。

例如：

TheUnitedStates’biggestrivalintechnologicaladvancementisJapan.在技术进步方面，美国最大的对手是日本。

2opponent指在某次竞赛或某个场合直接面对的对手。

He’sthebestopponentI’vecomeacrossthisseason,agreatplayer.他是我本赛季遇到的最出色的对手，一位了不起的运动员。

比较：

TheLosAngelesLakers’biggestrivalistheBostonCeltics.洛杉矶湖人队最大的对手是波士顿凯尔特人队。

（指湖人队一直与凯尔特人队在争高低，其竞争对手多年来一直是凯尔特人队。

）

TheLosAngelesLakers’opponentinthe2010NBAFinalsistheBostonCeltics.洛杉矶湖人队在2010年NBA总决赛中的对手是波士顿凯尔特人队。

（指在2010年NBA决赛中湖人队的竞争对手是凯尔特人队。

3opponent不能用作动词，rival可用作动词，表示“竞争；

与…相匹敌”。

Shipscan’trivalaircraftforspeed.轮船在速度方面无法与飞机匹敌。

5Whathesaidwassurelymotivating,butitwasn’treallyappreciatedbymanyofhisloyalsoldiersastheywatchedtheirvesselsgoupinflames.（Para.3）

XiangYu’sorderofcrushingthecookingpotsandburningthesailingshipswasdefinitelyinspiringtohistroops,butitwashardlyvaluedbyhisfaithfulsoldiers,whowatchedtheirboatsburning.

goupinflames:

suddenlybeginburninginawaythatisdifficulttocontrol突然着火

Thefactorywentupinflameslastnight.昨晚工厂突然着火了。

6ButthegeniusofGeneralXiangYu’sconvictionwouldbevalidatedbothonthebattlefieldandinmodernsocialscienceresearch.（Para.3）

However,thehighlevelofintelligenceexpressedinhisstrongbeliefwouldprovetobecorrectonthebattlefieldaswellasinmodernsocialscienceresearch.

Note:

Thewordbattlefieldisacompoundword,whichisthecombinationoftwonouns:

battleandfield.Therearemoreexamplesofthiskindofcompound

words:

armchair,bedtime,birdhouse,birthplace,bookstore,etc.Themeaningofmanywordsfromsuchacombinationiseasytoguess:

battlefield—aplacewhereabattleisbeingfoughtorhasbeenfought.Forexample:

Theycarriedthewoundedsoldiersfromthebattlefield.他们把伤员从战场上抬了下来。

7GeneralXiangYuwasarareexceptiontothenorm,aveteranleaderwhowashighlyrespectedforhismanyconquestsandwhoachievedthesummitofsuccess.（Para.3）

WhatXiangYudidwasquitedifferentfromwhatwasusuallypracticed.Asanexperiencedleader,hewasverymuchrespectedbyhissoldiersforhismanyamazingaccomplishments,andhishighestlevelofsuccess.

Thewordnormmeans“theusualornormalsituation,wayofdoingsth.,