英语诗歌鉴赏及名词解释Word文件下载.docx

英语诗歌鉴赏及名词解释Word文件下载.docx

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a.Theprosodicfeatures

Prosody（韵律）---thestudyoftherhythm,pause,tempo,stressandpitchfeaturesofaIanguage.

Chinesepoetryissyllable-timed,Englishpoetryisstress-timed.

Stress:

TheprosodyofEnglishpoetryisrealizedbystress.Onestressedsyllablealwayscomestogetherwithoneormoreunstressedsyllables.

eg.Tiger,/tiger,/burning/bright

Inthe/forest/ofthe/night,

Whatim/mortal/handor/eye

Couldframethy/fearful/symme/try---W.Blake

Length:

itcanproducesomerhetoricalandartisticeffect.

eg.Thecurfewtollstheknellofpartingday,

Thelowingherdwindslowlyo'

erthelea,ThePloughmanhomewardplodshiswearyway,Andleavestheworldtodarknessandtome.

---ThomasGray

Longvowelsanddiphthongsmakethepoemslow,emotionalandsolemn;

shortvowelsquick,passionate,tenseandexciting.

Pause:

itservesfortherhythmandmusicalityofpoetry.

b.Meterormeasure（格律）poem---stanza/strophe---line/verse---foot---arsis+thesis;

Meterormeasurereferstotheformationwayofstressedandunstressedsyllables.

Fourcommonmeters:

a）Iambus;

theiambicfoot（抑扬格）

eg.Shewalks/inbeau/ty,like/thenightOfcloud/lessclimes/andstar/ryskies;

Andall/that'

sbest/ofdark/andbrightMeetin/heras/pectand/hereyes.---Byron

b）Trochee;

thetrochaicfoot（扬抑格）eg.Never/seekto/tellthy/love,

Lovethat/never/toldcan/be.---Blake

c）Dactyl;

thedactylicfoot（扬抑抑格）

eg.Cannonto/rightofthem,Cannonto/leftofthem.Cannonin/frontofthem,

Volley'

dand/thunder'

d.---Tennyson

d）Anapaest;

theanapesticfoot（抑抑扬格）

eg.Break,/break,/break,Onthycold/greystones,/Osea!

AndIwould/thatmytongue/couldutterThethought/thatarise/inme.---Tennyson

c）Othermeters

Amphibrach,theamphibrachicfoot（抑扬抑格）；

Spondee,thespondaicfoot（扬扬格）；

Pyrrhic,thepyrrhicfoot（抑抑格）；

d）Actalecticfoot（完整音步）andCactalecticfoot（不完整音步）

eg.Richthe/treasure,

Sweetthe/pleasure.（actalecticfoot）

Tiger,/tiger,/burning/bright,

Inthe/forest/ofthe/night.（cactalecticfoot）

e）Typesoffoot

monometer（

曰步）

dimeter（

-—-rh、一曰步）

trimeter

（三音步）

tetrameter

（四音步）

pentameter

（五音步）

hexameter

（六音步）

heptameter

（七音步）

octameter

（八音步）

Wehaveiambicmonometer,trochaictetrameter,iambicpentameter,anapaestictrimeter,etc.,whenthenumberoffootandmeteraretakentogetherinapoem.

C.Rhyme

Whentwoormorewordsorphrasescontainanidentical

orsimilarvowelsound,usuallystressed,andtheconsonantsoundsthatfollowthevowelsoundareidenticalandprecededbydifferentconsonants,arhymeoccurs.

Itcanroughlybedividedintotwotypes:

internalrhymeandendrhyme

Internalrhyme

a）alliteration:

therepetitionofinitialidenticalconsonantsoundsor

anyvowelsoundsinsuccessiveorcloselyassociatedsyllables,esp.stressedsyllables.

eg.Thefairbreezeblew,thewhitefoamflew,

Thefurrowfollowedfree.

---Coleridge

Islip,Islide,Igloom,Iglanee,

Amongmyskinningswallows.

---Tennyson

Whereatwithblade,withbloodyblamefulblade,

Hebravelybroachedhisboilingbloodybreast.

---Shakespeare

“Consonantcluster”（辅音连缀）

“internalorhiddenalliteration”（暗头韵）asin

“Hereinthelongunlovelystreet”（Tennyson）

TheScian&

theTeianmuse,

Thehero'

sharp,thelove'

slute,

Havefoundthefameyourshoresrefuse.

---Byron

b）Assonance（腹韵/元音叠韵/半谐音）：

therepetitionofsimilaroridenticalvowelsoundsinalineendingwithdifferentconsonantsounds.

eg.Donotgogentleintothatnight

Oldageshouldburnandraveatcloseofday.

Rage,rageagainstthedyingofthelight.Thoughwisemenattheirendknowdarkisright,BecausetheirwordshaveforkednolightningtheyDonotgogentleintothatnight.

c）Consonance（假韵）:

therepetitionoftheendingconsonantsoundswithdifferentprecedingvowelsoftwoormorewordsinaline.

eg.AtonceavoicearoseamongThebleaktwigsoverheadInafull-heartedevensongOfjoyillimited.

---Hardy

Endrhyme:

linesinapoemendinsimilaroridenticalstressedsyllables.

a）Perfectrhyme

Perfectrhyme（intwoormorewords）occursinthefollowingthreeconditions:

identicalstressedvowelsounds（lie--high,stay--play）;

thesameconsonantsaftertheidenticalstressedvowels（park--lark,fate--late）;

differentconsonantsprecedingthestressedvowels（first-burst）;

follow—swallow（perfectrhyme）

b）imperfect/halfrhyme:

thestressedvowelsintwoormorewordsarethesame,buttheconsonantsoundsafterandprecedingaredifferent.

eg.fern—bird,faze—late,like—right

c）Masculineandfemininerhyme

eg.SometimeswhenI'

mlonely,Don'

tknowwhy,KeepthinkingIwon'

tbelonely

Byandby.

---Hughes

ThecomradeofthywanderingsoverHeaven,

Asthen,whentooutstripthyskieyspeed

Scarceseem'

davision;

Iwouldne'

erhavestriven

---Shelley

Rhymescheme（韵式）

a）Runningrhymescheme（连续韵）

twoneighbouringlinesrhymedinaabbccdd:

eg.Tiger,tiger,burningbrightIntheforestsofthenight,WhatimmortalhandoreyeCouldframethyfearfulsymmetry

InwhatdistantdeepsorskiesBurntthefireofthineeyesOnwhatwingsdareheaspireWhatthehanddareseizethefire

b）Alternatingrhymescheme（交叉韵）

rhymedeveryotherlineinababcdcd:

eg.ShallIcomparetheetoasummer'

sday

Thouartmorelovelyandmoretemperate:

RoughwindsdoshakethedarlingbudsofMay,Andsummer'

sleasehathalltooshortadate:

c）enclosingrhymescheme（首尾韵）

Inaquatrain,thefirstandthelastrhymed,andthesecondandthethirdrhymedinabba:

eg.Whenyouareoldandgrayandfullofsleep,Andnoddingbythefire,takedownthisbook,Andslowlyread,anddreamofthesoftlookYoureyeshadonce,andoftheirshadowsdeep;

---W.B.Yeats

D.Formofpoetry（stanzaicform）

a）couplet:

astanzaoftwolineswithsimilarendrhymes:

eg.Alittlelearningisadangerousthing;

Drinkdeep,ortastenotthePierianSpring.

b）heroiccouplet:

arhymingcoupletofiambicpentameter:

eg.OcouldIflowlikethee,andmakethystreamMygreatexample,asitismytheme:

---Denham

Thensharethypain,allowthatsadrelief;

Ah,morethanshareit,givemeallthygrief.

---Pope

c）Triplet/tercet:

aunitorgroupofthreelines,usu.rhymed

eg.Heclaspsthecragswithcrookedhands;

Closetothesuninlonelylands,Ringedwiththeazureworld,hestands.

Thewrinkledseabeneathhimcrawls:

Hewatchesfromhismountainswalls,Andlikeathunderbolthefalls.

d）quatrain:

astanzaoffourlinesrhymedorunrhymed.

eg.Omyluveislikeared,redrose,

That'

snewlysprunginJune;

Omyluveislikethemelodie

ssweetlyplay'

dintune.

Asfairartthou,mybonielass,

SodeepinluveamI;

AndIwillluvetheestill,mydear,

Tilla'

theseasgangdry.

---Burns

e）Sonnet:

afixedverseformofItalianoriginconsistingof

14linesthatarecharacteristicallyiniambicpentameter:

ThePetrarchan/Italiansonnet（FrancescoPetrarch）:

twoparts:

octave,askingquestion,presentingaproblem,orexpressinganemotionaltensionrhymingabbaabba;

whilethesestet,solvingtheproblemrhymingcdecde,cdecde,orcdcdcd.

Shakespearean/Englishsonnet:

arrangedusuallyintothreequatrainsandacouplet,rhymingababcdcdefefgg.Thefirstquatrainintroducesasubject,thesecondexpands,andoncemoreinthethird,andconcludesinthecouplet.

Spenseriansonnet:

threequatrainsandacoupletrhymingababbcbccdcdee;

Miltonicsonnet:

simplyanltaliansonnetthateliminatesthepausebetweentheoctaveandsestet.

f）Blankverse:

theunrhymediambicpentameter

eg.Tobe,ornottobe:

thatisthequestion:

Whether'

tisnoblerinthemindtosufferTheslingsandarrowsofoutrageousfortune,Ortotakearmsagainstaseaoftroubles,AndbyopposingendthemTodie:

tosleep;

g）Freeverse:

poetrythatisbasedonirregularrhythmiccadenceoftherecurrence,withvariations,ofphrases,imagesandsyntacticalpatternsratherthantheconventionaluseofmeter.

eg.Days

Whataredaysfor

Daysarewherewelive.

Theycome,theywakeus

Timeandtimeover.

Theyaretobehappyin

Wherecanwelivebutdays

Ah,solvingthatquestion

Bringthepriestanddoctor

Intheirlongcoats

Runningoverthefields.

---PhilipLarkin

semanticsystemofEnglishpoetry

a.Themeaningofpoetry

Poetryis“theonepermissiblewayofsayingonethingandmeaninganother”.（Frost）

Themeaningofapoemusuallyconsistsofthreelevels,thatis,theliteral（thelowest）,thesensory（themedium）andtheemotional（thehighest）.

b.Image---thesoulofthemeaninginpoetry

a）Definition:

“languagethatevokesaphysicalsensation

producedbyoneormoreofthefivesenses---sight,

hearing,taste,touchandsmell.”（KirsznerandMandell）

Aliteralandconcreterepresentationofasensoryexperienceorofanobjectthatcanbeknownbyoneormoreofthesenses.

b）Typesofimages

Intermsofsenses：

visualimage（视觉意象）auditoryimage（听觉意象）