跨文化交际全部答案Word下载.docx

跨文化交际全部答案Word下载.docx

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Thisisstillpowerfulintoday‘ssocialandpoliticalrhetoric.Forinstance,itisnotuncommonin

today‘ssocietytohearpeoplesaythatmost,ifnotall,ofthesocialandeconomicproblemsare

causedbyminoritiesandimmigrants.

2.What‟sthedifferencebetweentoday‟sinterculturalcontactandthatofanytimeinthepast?

Today‘sinterculturalencountersarefarmorenumerousandofgreaterimportancethaninany

timeinhistory.

3.Whathavemadeinterculturalcontactaverycommonphenomenoninourlifetoday?

Newtechnology,intheformoftransportationandcommunicationsystems,hasacceleratedinterculturalcontact;

innovativecommunicationsystemshaveencouragedandfacilitatedculturalinteraction;

globalizationoftheeconomyhasbroughtpeopletogether;

changesinimmigrationpatternshavealsocontributedtointerculturalencounter.

4.Howdoyouunderstandthesentence“cultureiseverythingandeverywhere”?

Culturesuppliesuswiththeanswerstoquestionsaboutwhattheworldlookslikeandhowweliveandcommunicatewithinthatworld.Cultureteachesushowtobehaveinourlifefromtheinstantofbirth.Itisomnipresent.

5.Whatarethemajorelementsthatdirectlyinfluenceourperceptionandcommunication?

Thethreemajorsocio-culturalelementsthatdirectlyinfluenceperceptionandcommunicationareculturalvalues,worldview（religion）,andsocialorganizations（familyandstate）.

6.Whatdoesone‟sfamilyteachhimorherwhileheorshegrowsupinit?

Thefamilyteachesthechildwhattheworldlookslikeandhisorherplaceinthatworld.

7.Whyisitimpossibletoseparateouruseoflanguagefromourculture?

Becauselanguageisnotonlyaformofpreservingculturebutalsoameansofsharingculture.Languageisanorganized,generallyagreed-upon,learnedsymbolsystemthatisusedtorepresenttheexperienceswithinaculturalcommunity.

8.Whatarethenonverbalbehaviorsthatpeoplecanattachmeaningto?

Peoplecanattachmeaningtononverbalbehaviorssuchasgestures,postures,facialexpressions,eyecontactandgaze,touch,etc.

9.Howcanafree,culturallydiversesocietyexist?

Afree,culturallydiversesocietycanexistonlyifdiversityispermittedtoflourishwithoutprejudiceanddiscrimination,bothofwhichharmallmembersofthesociety.

ReadingII

TheChallengeofGlobalization

1.Whydoestheauthorsaythatourunderstandingoftheworldhaschanged?

Manythings,suchaspoliticalchangesandtechnologicaladvances,havechangedtheworldveryrapidly.Inthepastmosthumanbeingswereborn,lived,anddiedwithinalimitedgeographicalarea,neverencounteringpeopleofotherculturalbackgrounds.Suchanexistence,however,nolongerprevailsintheworld.Thus,allpeoplearefacedwiththechallengeofunderstandingthischangedandstillfastchangingworldinwhichwelive.

2.Whata“globalvillage”islike?

Asourworldshrinksanditsinhabitantsbecomeinterdependent,peoplefromremoteculturesincreasinglycomeintocontactonadailybasis.Ina―globalvillage‖,membersofonceisolatedgroupsofpeoplehavetocommunicatewithmembersofotherculturalgroups.Thosepeoplemay

livethousandsofmilesawayorrightnextdoortoeachother.

3.Whatisconsideredasthemajordrivingforceofthepost-1945globalization?

Technology,particularlytelecommunicationsandcomputersareconsideredtobethemajordrivingforce.

4.Whatdoestheauthormeanbysayingthat“the„global‟maybemorelocalthanthe„local‟”?

Theincreasingglobalmobilityofpeopleandtheimpactofnewelectronicmediaonhumancommunicationsmaketheworldseemsmaller.Wemaycommunicatemorewithpeopleofothercountriesthanwithourneighbors,andwemaybemoreinformedoftheinternationaleventsthanofthelocalevents.Inthissense,―the‗global‘maybemorelocalthanthe‗local‘‖.

5.Whyisitimportantforbusinesspeopletoknowdiverseculturesintheworld?

Effectivecommunicationmaybethemostimportantcompetitiveadvantagethatfirmshavetomeetdiversecustomerneedsonaglobalbasis.Succeedingintheglobalmarkettodayrequirestheabilitytocommunicatesensitivelywithpeoplefromothercultures,asensitivitythatisbasedonanunderstandingofcross-culturaldifferences.

6.Whataretheseriousproblemsthatcountriesthroughouttheworldareconfrontedwith?

Countriesthroughouttheworldareconfrontedwithseriousproblemssuchasvolatileinternationaleconomy,shrinkingresources,mountingenvironmentalcontamination,andepidemicsthatknownoboundaries.

7.WhatimplicationscanwedrawfromthecaseofMichaelFay?

Thiscaseshowsthatinaworldofinternationalinterdependence,theabilitytounderstandandcommunicateeffectivelywithpeoplefromotherculturestakesonextremeurgency.Ifweareunawareofthesignificantrolecultureplaysincommunication,wemayplacetheblameforcommunicationfailureonpeopleofothercultures.

8.Whatattitudesarefavoredbytheauthortowardsglobalization?

Globalization,forbetterorforworse,haschangedtheworldgreatly.Whetherwelikeitornot,globalizationisallbutunstoppable.Itisalreadyheretostay.Itisbothafactandanopportunity.Thechallengesarenotinsurmountable.Solutionsexist,andarewaitingtobeidentifiedandimplemented.Fromaglobalisticpointofview,thereishopeandfaithinhumanity.

Translation

纵观历史，我们可以清楚地看到，人们由于彼此所处地域、意识形态、容貌服饰和行为举止上存在的差异，而长久无法互相理解、无法和睦相处。

在这种情况下，跨文化交际作为一个特定的研究领域得以形成和发展。

值得注意的是，人类文明在发展过程中所遭受的许多挫折，既是个人的，又是全球性的；

人类历史进程总是充满了个人间的直接冲突和民族间的误解——从骂骂咧咧到孤立主义直至到武装冲突，大大小小争端不绝。

很显然，文化间以及亚文化间的交往比以前多了，这迫切要求我们共同努力，去理解有着不同信仰和文化背景的人们，并与之和睦相处。

通过加深认识和理解，我们能够与生活方式、价值观念不同的人们和平共处；

这不但有益于我们周遭环境的安定，也是维护世界和平的决定性因素。

Unit2CultureandCommunication

ReadingI

WhatIsCulture

1.Whichofthedefinitionsgivenabovedoyouprefer?

Why?

Somemaypreferashortdefinition,suchastheonegivenbyE.SapirorR.Benedict,foritishighlygeneralizedandeasytoremember.Somemaypreferalongerone,suchasEdwardT.Hall‘sdefinitionofculture,becauseitprovidesuswithamorecomprehensiveunderstandingofcultureand

pointsouttheall-pervasiveimpactofcultureonhumanlifeindifferentdimensions.

2．Whathaveyoulearnedfromthosedefinitionsaboutculture?

Manythingscanbelearnedfromthosedefinitions,foreachdefinition,thoughnotwithoutitslimitations,tellsussomethingveryimportantaboutcultureorcertainaspect（s）ofculture.

3.Doyouagreethatourlowerneedsalwayshavetobesatisfiedbeforewecantrytosatisfythehigherneeds?

Eventhoughthisisgenerallythecase,therewillstillbesomeexceptions.Sometimespeoplemightprefertosatisfyhigherneeds,forinstance,esteemneeds,beforetheirlowerneeds,suchascertainphysiologicalneedsorsafetyneeds,aresatisfied.

4.Whatexamplescanyougiveabouthowpeopleofdifferentculturesachievethesameendsbytakingdifferentroads?

Forexample,everyonehastoeatinordertoliveandthisisuniversallytrue.However,tosatisfythisbasicneed,peopleofvariousculturesmaydoitinverydifferentways:

whattoeatandhowtoeatitvaryfromculturetoculture.

5.Whatbehaviorsofoursarebornwithandwhatarelearnedintheculturalenvironment?

Instinctivebehaviorsarebehaviorsthatwearebornwithandwaysofdoingthingsindailylife,suchaswaysofeating,drinking,dressing,findingshelter,makingfriends,marrying,anddealingwithdeatharelearnedintheculturalenvironment.

6.Whatotherculturaldifferencesdoyouknowinthewaypeopledothingsintheireverydaylife?

Wecanalsofindculturaldifferencesinwaysofbringingupchildren,treatingtheelderly,greetingeachother,savingandspendingmoney,andmanyotherthingspeopledoineverydaylife.

7.InwhatwaysaretheChineseeatinghabitsdifferentfromthoseoftheEnglish-speakingcountries?

WeChinesemayenjoysomethingthatisnotusuallyconsideredasediblebytheEnglish-speakingpeople.Generallyweprefertohavethingshotandlaymuchemphasisontastes.Wetendtosharethingswitheachotherwhenweareeatingwithothers.

Fill-inTask

Fillinthefollowingblankswithatleastfivethingsinourlifethatyouthinkareaboveandfivethatarebelowthe“water”,thelevelofourconsciousness.

Thosethatareabovethe―water‖are_whattoeatandhowtoeatit;

_howtokeephealthy_;

_howtoraisechildren;

_howtoparticipateinceremonies;

_howtointroduceandgreetpeople.

Thosethatarebelowthe―water‖are_whatisgoodorbad;

_whatisrightorwrong_;

_whatisbeautifulorugly;

_whatiscleanordirty;

_howisanindividualrelatedtoothers.

Thencompareyourfill-initemswiththoseofyourclassmate,andtrytodecidewhichofthethingsaremorelikelytocauseproblemsininterculturalcommunication.

Generallyspeaking,differencesinthosethingsthatareusuallyoutsideofourconsciousawareness,i.e.theso-called―deepculture‖,aremorelikelytocauseproblemsininterculturalcommunication.Thereasonisthatthispartofcultureisinternalizedinpeople‘smindandthusishardtobeperceived.Forexample,ininterculturalcommunication,itiseasytofindoutwhatandhowpeoplefromanothercultureeat.Justhavealookattheirdiningtable,andwewillknowit.However,itismuchmoredifficulttofindoutorunderstandthevaluesthatunderlieth