ted演讲稿 我们为什么要睡眠英文Word文档格式.docx

ted演讲稿 我们为什么要睡眠英文Word文档格式.docx

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　　Nowwhatthat32yearsistellingusisthatsleepatsomelevelisimportant.Andyet,formostofus,wedon'

tgivesleepasecondthought.Wethrowitaway.Wereallyjustdon'

tthinkaboutsleep.AndsowhatI'

dliketodotodayischangeyourviews,changeyourideasandyourthoughtsaboutsleep.AndthejourneythatIwanttotakeyouon,weneedtostartbygoingbackintime.

　　"

Enjoythehoney-heavydewofslumber."

Anyideaswhosaidthat?

Shakespeare'

sJuliusCaesar.Yes,letmegiveyouafewmorequotes."

Osleep,Ogentlesleep,nature'

ssoftnurse,howhaveIfrightedthee?

"

Shakespeareagain,from--Iwon'

tsayit--theScottishplay.　（Laughter）Fromthesametime:

"

Sleepisthegoldenchainthattieshealthandourbodiestogether."

Extremelyprophetic,byThomasDekker,anotherElizabethandramatist.

　　Butifwejumpforward400years,thetoneaboutsleepchangessomewhat.ThisisfromThomasEdison,fromthebeginningofthe20thcentury."

Sleepisacriminalwasteoftimeandaheritagefromourcavedays."

Bang.（Laughter）Andifwealsojumpintothe1980s,someofyoumayrememberthatMargaretThatcherwasreportedtohavesaid,"

Sleepisforwimps."

Andofcoursetheinfamous--whatwashisname?

--theinfamousGordonGekkofrom"

WallStreet"

said,"

Moneyneversleeps."

　　Whatdowedointhe20thcenturyaboutsleep?

Well,ofcourse,weuseThomasEdison'

slightbulbtoinvadethenight,andweoccupiedthedark,andintheprocessofthisoccupation,we'

vetreatedsleepasanillness,almost.We'

vetreateditasanenemy.Atmostnow,Isuppose,wetoleratetheneedforsleep,andatworstperhapsmanyofusthinkofsleepasanillnessthatneedssomesortofacure.Andourignoranceaboutsleepisreallyquiteprofound.

　　Whyisit?

Whydoweabandonsleepinourthoughts?

Well,it'

sbecauseyoudon'

tdoanythingmuchwhileyou'

reasleep,itseems.Youdon'

teat.Youdon'

tdrink.Andyoudon'

thavesex.Well,mostofusanyway.Andsothereforeit'

s--Sorry.It'

sacompletewasteoftime,right?

Wrong.Actually,sleepisanincrediblyimportantpartofourbiology,andneuroscientistsarebeginningtoexplainwhyit'

ssoveryimportant.Solet'

smovetothebrain.

　　Now,herewehaveabrain.Thisisdonatedbyasocialscientist,andtheysaidtheydidn'

tknowwhatitwas,orindeedhowtouseit,so--（Laughter）Sorry.SoIborrowedit.Idon'

tthinktheynoticed.Okay.（Laughter）

　　ThepointI'

mtryingtomakeisthatwhenyou'

reasleep,thisthingdoesn'

tshutdown.Infact,someareasofthebrainareactuallymoreactiveduringthesleepstatethanduringthewakestate.Theotherthingthat'

sreallyimportantaboutsleepisthatitdoesn'

tarisefromasinglestructurewithinthebrain,butistosomeextentanetworkproperty,andifweflipthebrainonitsback--Ilovethislittlebitofspinalcordhere--thisbithereisthehypothalamus,andrightunderthereisawholeraftofinterestingstructures,notleastthebiologicalclock.Thebiologicalclocktellsuswhenit'

sgoodtobeup,whenit'

sgoodtobeasleep,andwhatthatstructuredoesisinteractwithawholeraftofotherareaswithinthehypothalamus,thelateralhypothalamus,theventrolateralpreopticnuclei.Allofthosecombine,andtheysendprojectionsdowntothebrainstemhere.Thebrainstemthenprojectsforwardandbathesthecortex,thiswonderfullywrinklybitoverhere,withneurotransmittersthatkeepusawakeandessentiallyprovideuswithourconsciousness.Sosleeparisesfromawholeraftofdifferentinteractionswithinthebrain,andessentially,sleepisturnedonandoffasaresultofarangeof

　　Okay.Sowherehavewegotto?

We'

vesaidthatsleepiscomplicatedandittakes32yearsofourlife.ButwhatIhaven'

texplainediswhatsleepisabout.Sowhydowesleep?

Anditwon'

tsurpriseanyofyouthat,ofcourse,thescientists,wedon'

thaveaconsensus.Therearedozensofdifferentideasaboutwhywesleep,andI'

mgoingtooutlinethreeofthose.

　　Thefirstissortoftherestorationidea,andit'

ssomewhatintuitive.Essentially,allthestuffwe'

veburnedupduringtheday,werestore,wereplace,werebuildduringthenight.Andindeed,asanexplanation,itgoesbacktoAristotle,sothat'

s,what,2,300yearsago.It'

sgoneinandoutoffashion.It'

sfashionableatthemomentbecausewhat'

sbeenshownisthatwithinthebrain,awholeraftofgeneshavebeenshowntobeturnedononlyduringsleep,andthosegenesareassociatedwithrestorationandmetabolicpathways.Sothere'

sgoodevidenceforthewholerestorationhypothesis.

　　Whataboutenergyconservation?

Again,perhapsintuitive.Youessentiallysleeptosavecalories.Now,whenyoudothesums,though,itdoesn'

treallypanout.Ifyoucompareanindividualwhohassleptatnight,orstayedawakeandhasn'

tmovedverymuch,theenergysavingofsleepingisabout110caloriesanight.Now,that'

stheequivalentofahotdogbun.Now,Iwouldsaythatahotdogbuniskindofameagerreturnforsuchacomplicatedanddemandingbehaviorassleep.SoI'

mlessconvincedbytheenergyconservationidea.

　　ButthethirdideaI'

mquiteattractedto,whichisbrainprocessingandmemoryconsolidation.Whatweknowisthat,ifafteryou'

vetriedtolearnatask,andyousleep-depriveindividuals,theabilitytolearnthattaskissmashed.It'

sreallyhugelyattenuated.Sosleepandmemoryconsolidationisalsoveryimportant.However,it'

snotjustthelayingdownofmemoryandrecallingit.What'

sturnedouttobereallyexcitingisthatourabilitytocomeupwithnovelsolutionstocomplexproblemsishugelyenhancedbyanightofsleep.Infact,it'

sbeenestimatedtogiveusathreefoldadvantage.Sleepingatnightenhancesourcreativity.Andwhatseemstobegoingonisthat,inthebrain,thoseneuralconnectionsthatareimportant,thosesynapticconnectionsthatareimportant,arelinkedandstrengthened,whilethosethatarelessimportanttendtofadeawayandbelessimportant.

　　Okay.Sowe'

vehadthreeexplanationsforwhywemightsleep,andIthinktheimportantthingtorealizeisthatthedetailswillvary,andit'

sprobablewesleepformultipledifferentreasons.Butsleepisnotanindulgence.It'

snotsomesortofthingthatwecantakeonboardrathercasually.Ithinkthatsleepwasoncelikenedtoanupgradefromeconomytobusinessclass,youknow,theequiavlentof.It'

snotevenanupgradefromeconomytofirstclass.Thecriticalthingtorealizeisthatifyoudon'

tsleep,youdon'

tfly.Essentially,younevergetthere,andwhat'

sextraordinaryaboutmuchofoursocietythesedaysisthatwearedesperatelysleep-deprived.

　　Solet'

snowlookatsleepdeprivation.Hugesectorsofsocietyaresleep-deprived,andlet'

slookatoursleep-o-meter.Sointhe1950s,gooddatasuggeststhatmostofusweregettingaroundabouteighthoursofsleepanight.Nowadays,wesleeponeandahalftotwohourslesseverynight,sowe'

reinthesix-and-a-half-hours-every-nightleague.Forteenagers,it'

sworse,muchworse.Theyneedninehoursforfullbrainperformance,andmanyofthem,onaschoolnight,areonlygettingfivehoursofsleep.It'

ssimplynotenough.Ifwethinkaboutothersectorsofsociety,theaged,ifyouareaged,thenyourabilitytosleepinasingleblockissomewhatdisrupted,andmanysleep,again,lessthanfivehoursanight.Shiftwork.Shiftworkisextraordinary,perhaps20percentoftheworkingpopulation,andthebodyclockdoesnotshifttothedemandsofworkingatnight.It'

slockedontothesamelight-darkcycleastherestofus.Sowhenthepooroldshiftworkerisgoinghometotryandsleepduringtheday,desperatelytired,thebodyclockissaying,"

Wakeup.Thisisthetimetobeawake."

Sothequalityofsleepthatyougetasanightshiftworkerisusuallyverypoor,againinthatsortoffive-hourregion.Andthen,ofcourse,tensofmillionsofpeoplesufferfromjetlag.Sowhoherehasjetlag?

Well,mygoodnessgracious.Well,thankyouverymuchindeedfornotfallingasleep,becausethat'

swhatyourbrainiscraving.

　　Oneofthethingsthatthebraindoesisindulgeinmicro-sleeps,thisinvoluntaryfallingasleep,andyouhaveessentiallynocontroloverit.Now,micro-sleepscanbesortofsomewhatembarrassing,buttheycanalsobedeadly.It'

sbeenestimatedthat31percentofdriverswillfallasleepatthewheelatleastonceintheirlife,andinthe,thestatisticsareprettygood:

100,000accidentsonthefreewayhavebeenassociatedwithtiredness,lossofvigilance,andfallingasleep.Ahundredthousandayear.It'

sextraordinary.Atanotherlevelofterror,wedipintothetragicaccidentsatChernobylandindeedthespaceshuttleChallenger,whichwassotragicallylost.Andintheinvestigationsthatfollowedthosedisasters,poorjudgmentasaresultofextendedshiftworkandlossofvigilanceandtirednesswasattributedtoabigchunkofthosedisasters.

　　Sowhenyou'

retired,andyoulacksleep,youhavepoormemory,youhavepoorcreativit