1、Now what that 32 years is telling us is that sleep at some level is important. And yet, for most of us, we dont give sleep a second thought. We throw it away. We really just dont think about sleep. And so what Id like to do today is change your views, change your ideas and your thoughts about sleep.
2、 And the journey that I want to take you on, we need to start by going back in time.Enjoy the honey-heavy dew of slumber. Any ideas who said that? Shakespeares Julius Caesar. Yes, let me give you a few more quotes. O sleep, O gentle sleep, natures soft nurse, how have I frighted thee? Shakespeare ag
3、ain, from - I wont say it - the Scottish play.(Laughter) From the same time: Sleep is the golden chain that ties health and our bodies together. Extremely prophetic, by Thomas Dekker, another Elizabethan dramatist.But if we jump forward 400 years, the tone about sleep changes somewhat. This is from
4、Thomas Edison, from the beginning of the 20th century. Sleep is a criminal waste of time and a heritage from our cave days. Bang. (Laughter) And if we also jump into the 1980s, some of you may remember that Margaret Thatcher was reported to have said, Sleep is for wimps. And of course the infamous -
5、 what was his name? - the infamous Gordon Gekko from Wall Street said, Money never sleeps.What do we do in the 20th century about sleep? Well, of course, we use Thomas Edisons light bulb to invade the night, and we occupied the dark, and in the process of this occupation, weve treated sleep as an il
6、lness, almost. Weve treated it as an enemy. At most now, I suppose, we tolerate the need for sleep, and at worst perhaps many of us think of sleep as an illness that needs some sort of a cure. And our ignorance about sleep is really quite profound.Why is it? Why do we abandon sleep in our thoughts?
7、Well, its because you dont do anything much while youre asleep, it seems. You dont eat. You dont drink. And you dont have sex. Well, most of us anyway. And so therefore its - Sorry. Its a complete waste of time, right? Wrong. Actually, sleep is an incredibly important part of our biology, and neuros
8、cientists are beginning to explain why its so very important. So lets move to the brain.Now, here we have a brain. This is donated by a social scientist, and they said they didnt know what it was, or indeed how to use it, so - (Laughter) Sorry. So I borrowed it. I dont think they noticed. Okay. (Lau
9、ghter)The point Im trying to make is that when youre asleep, this thing doesnt shut down. In fact, some areas of the brain are actually more active during the sleep state than during the wake state. The other thing thats really important about sleep is that it doesnt arise from a single structure wi
10、thin the brain, but is to some extent a network property, and if we flip the brain on its back - I love this little bit of spinal cord here - this bit here is the hypothalamus, and right under there is a whole raft of interesting structures, not least the biological clock. The biological clock tells
11、 us when its good to be up, when its good to be asleep, and what that structure does is interact with a whole raft of other areas within the hypothalamus, the lateral hypothalamus, the ventrolateral preoptic nuclei. All of those combine, and they send projections down to the brain stem here. The bra
12、in stem then projects forward and bathes the cortex, this wonderfully wrinkly bit over here, with neurotransmitters that keep us awake and essentially provide us with our consciousness. So sleep arises from a whole raft of different interactions within the brain, and essentially, sleep is turned on
13、and off as a result of a range ofOkay. So where have we got to? Weve said that sleep is complicated and it takes 32 years of our life. But what I havent explained is what sleep is about. So why do we sleep? And it wont surprise any of you that, of course, the scientists, we dont have a consensus. Th
14、ere are dozens of different ideas about why we sleep, and Im going to outline three of those.The first is sort of the restoration idea, and its somewhat intuitive. Essentially, all the stuff weve burned up during the day, we restore, we replace, we rebuild during the night. And indeed, as an explana
15、tion, it goes back to Aristotle, so thats, what, 2,300 years ago. Its gone in and out of fashion. Its fashionable at the moment because whats been shown is that within the brain, a whole raft of genes have been shown to be turned on only during sleep, and those genes are associated with restoration
16、and metabolic pathways. So theres good evidence for the whole restoration hypothesis.What about energy conservation? Again, perhaps intuitive. You essentially sleep to save calories. Now, when you do the sums, though, it doesnt really pan out. If you compare an individual who has slept at night, or
17、stayed awake and hasnt moved very much, the energy saving of sleeping is about 110 calories a night. Now, thats the equivalent of a hot dog bun. Now, I would say that a hot dog bun is kind of a meager return for such a complicated and demanding behavior as sleep. So Im less convinced by the energy c
18、onservation idea.But the third idea Im quite attracted to, which is brain processing and memory consolidation. What we know is that, if after youve tried to learn a task, and you sleep-deprive individuals, the ability to learn that task is smashed. Its really hugely attenuated. So sleep and memory c
19、onsolidation is also very important. However, its not just the laying down of memory and recalling it. Whats turned out to be really exciting is that our ability to come up with novel solutions to complex problems is hugely enhanced by a night of sleep. In fact, its been estimated to give us a three
20、fold advantage. Sleeping at night enhances our creativity. And what seems to be going on is that, in the brain, those neural connections that are important, those synaptic connections that are important, are linked and strengthened, while those that are less important tend to fade away and be less i
21、mportant.Okay. So weve had three explanations for why we might sleep, and I think the important thing to realize is that the details will vary, and its probable we sleep for multiple different reasons. But sleep is not an indulgence. Its not some sort of thing that we can take on board rather casual
22、ly. I think that sleep was once likened to an upgrade from economy to business class, you know, the equiavlent of. Its not even an upgrade from economy to first class. The critical thing to realize is that if you dont sleep, you dont fly. Essentially, you never get there, and whats extraordinary abo
23、ut much of our society these days is that we are desperately sleep-deprived.So lets now look at sleep deprivation. Huge sectors of society are sleep-deprived, and lets look at our sleep-o-meter. So in the 1950s, good data suggests that most of us were getting around about eight hours of sleep a nigh
24、t. Nowadays, we sleep one and a half to two hours less every night, so were in the six-and-a-half-hours-every-night league. For teenagers, its worse, much worse. They need nine hours for full brain performance, and many of them, on a school night, are only getting five hours of sleep. Its simply not
25、 enough. If we think about other sectors of society, the aged, if you are aged, then your ability to sleep in a single block is somewhat disrupted, and many sleep, again, less than five hours a night. Shift work. Shift work is extraordinary, perhaps 20 percent of the working population, and the body
26、 clock does not shift to the demands of working at night. Its locked onto the same light-dark cycle as the rest of us. So when the poor old shift worker is going home to try and sleep during the day, desperately tired, the body clock is saying, Wake up. This is the time to be awake. So the quality o
27、f sleep that you get as a night shift worker is usually very poor, again in that sort of five-hour region. And then, of course, tens of millions of people suffer from jet lag. So who here has jet lag? Well, my goodness gracious. Well, thank you very much indeed for not falling asleep, because thats
28、what your brain is craving.One of the things that the brain does is indulge in micro-sleeps, this involuntary falling asleep, and you have essentially no control over it. Now, micro-sleeps can be sort of somewhat embarrassing, but they can also be deadly. Its been estimated that 31 percent of driver
29、s will fall asleep at the wheel at least once in their life, and in the , the statistics are pretty good: 100,000 accidents on the freeway have been associated with tiredness, loss of vigilance, and falling asleep. A hundred thousand a year. Its extraordinary. At another level of terror, we dip into
30、 the tragic accidents at Chernobyl and indeed the space shuttle Challenger, which was so tragically lost. And in the investigations that followed those disasters, poor judgment as a result of extended shift work and loss of vigilance and tiredness was attributed to a big chunk of those disasters.So when youre tired, and you lack sleep, you have poor memory, you have poor creativit
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