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(a)占主导地位的美国现实主义小说
(b)现实主义文学中的地方色彩小说
(c)现实主义文学中的自然主义倾向
B.现实主义文学和自然主义倾向之异同
C.达尔文主义、法国自然主义作家的主张以及对现实主义时期美国文学的影响
3.应用:
A.名词解释:
现实主义、达尔文主义、自然主义、地方色彩主义
B.现实主义文学和自然主义倾向在美国19世纪小说中的反映
1.Historicaldurationandhistoricalposition:
Theperiodrangingfrom1865tol914hasbeenreferredtoastheAgeofRealisminthe1iteraryhistoryoftheUnitedStates,whichisactuallyamovementortendencythatdominatedthespiritofAmericanliterature,especiallyAmericanfiction,fromthe1850sonwards.
RealismwasareactionagainstRomanticismoramoveawayfromthebiastowards(对…有偏见)romanceandself-creatingfictions,anditpavedthewaytoModernism.
Insteadofthinkingabouttheirrational,theimaginative,realiststoucheduponsocialandpoliticalrealitiesandpressuresinthepost-Civilwarsociety.ThreedominantfiguresareWilliamDeanHowells(威廉·
迪恩·
豪威尔斯),MarkTwain(马克·
吐温),andHenryJames(亨利·
詹姆斯)
【例题】RealismwasareactionagainstRomanticismoramoveawayfromthebiastowardsromanceandself-creatingfictions,andpavedthewayto______________.
A.Cynicism
B.Modernism
C.Transcendentalism
D.Neo-Classicalism
【答案】B
【解析】
(P471.para.1)
美国文学史上的现实主义,是对之前的浪漫主义创作原则的背叛,是现代主义流派的先驱,可以看作是文学史上的先现代主义时期。
2.Historicalandsocialbackground:
A.theAmericansocietyaftertheCivilWarprovidedrichsoilfortheriseanddevelopmentofRealism
B.Peoplebecamedubiousaboutthehumannature(人性)andthebenevolence(仁慈)ofGod,whichtheTranscendentalists(先验论者)caredmost.WhatMarkTwainreferredtoas“theGildedAge”(镀金时代)replacedthefrontierandthespiritofthefrontiersman,whichisthespiritoffreedomandhumanconnection.
C.theliterarysceneaftertheCivilWarprovedtobequitedifferentapicture.Theharshrealities(严酷的现实)oflifeaswellasthedisillusionofheroism(英雄形象的幻灭)resultingfromthedarkmemoriesoftheCivilWarhadsetthenationagainsttheromance.TheAmericansbegantobetiredofthesentimental(感伤的)feelingsofRomanticism.Thus,startedanewperiodintheAmericanliterarywritingsknownastheAgeofRealism,characterizedbyagreatinterestintherealitiesoflife.
3.CharacteristicsofRealism:
Guidedbytheprincipleofadheringtothetruthfultreatmentoflife(按照忠实反映现实的原则),therealiststoucheduponvariouscontemporarysocialandpoliticalissues(现实主义作家来处理社会问题和政治问题).
Intheirworks,insteadofwritingaboutthepolite,well--dressed,grammaticallycorrectmiddle--classyoungpeoplewhomovedinexoticplacesandremotetimes,theyintroducedindustrialworkersandfarmers,ambitiousbusinessmenandvagrants(流浪汉),prostitutes(妓女)andunheroicsoldiers(普通士兵)asmajorcharactersinfiction.
Theyapproachedtheharshrealities(严酷的现实)andpressuresinthepost-CivilWarsocietyeitherbyacomprehensive(综合的)pictureofmodernlifeinitsvariousoccupations,classstratifications(分层)andmanners,orbyapsychologicalexplorationofman'
ssub-consciousness.(反映人们内心的感受)
ThethreedominantfiguresoftheperiodareWilliamDeanHowells(威廉·
豪威尔斯),MarkTwain,andHenryJames(亨利·
詹姆斯).Togethertheybroughttofulfillmentnativetrendsintherealisticportrayalofthelandscapeandsocialsurfaces(他们真实地描写了美国本地的风土人情,),broughttoperfectionthevernacular(本国的)style(带有浓厚的乡土气息),andexploredandexploited(利用)theliterarypossibilitiesoftheinteriorlife.(挖掘了人们的内心生活)
ThethreedominantfiguresoftheRealisticperioddifferedintheirunderstandingofthe“truth”(真实)
①WhileMarkTwainandHowells(豪威尔斯)paidmoreattentiontothe"
life"
oftheAmericans,HenryJameslaidagreateremphasisonthe"
innerworld"
ofman.Hecametobelievethattheliteraryartistshouldnotsimplyholdamirrortothesurfaceofsociallifeinparticulartimesandplaces.Inaddition,thewritershoulduselanguagetoprobe(探讨)thedeepestreachesofthepsychologicalandmoralnatureofhumanbeings.Heisarealistoftheinnerlife.
②ThoughTwainandHowellsbothsharedthesameconcerninpresentingthetruthoftheAmericansociety,theyhadeachofthemdifferentemphasis.Howellsfocusedhisdiscussionontherisingmiddleclassandthewaytheylived(上升的中产阶级及其生活方式),whileTwainpreferredtohavehisownregionandpeopleattheforefrontofhisstories(把自己的家乡和家乡人放在故事的最前沿),whichisknownas“localcolorism”,(地方色彩)auniquevariation(变化)ofAmericanliteraryrealism.
4.TheAmericannaturalism:
Theorybasis
①Reason:
TheimpactofDarwin'
sevolutionarytheoryontheAmericanthoughtandtheinfluenceofthe19thcenturyFrenchliteratureontheAmericanmenoflettersgaverisetoyetanotherschoolofrealism:
Americannaturalism.
②Theorybasis:
naturalselection
③Definition:
(naturalism)
AmericanNaturalism:
Americannaturalismwasanewandharsherrealism.Americannaturalismhadbeenshapedbythewar;
bythesocialupheavals(社会动乱)thatundermined(破坏)thecomfortingfaithofanearlierage.America’sliterarynaturalistsdismissedthevalidityofcomfortingmoraltruths.Theyattemptedtoachieveextremeobjectivityandfrankness,presentingcharactersoflowsocialandeconomicclasseswhoweredeterminedbytheirenvironmentandheredity.
④Subjectandtheme
Theychosetheirsubjectsfromthelowerranksofsocietyandportrayed(描写)thepeoplewhoweredemonstrably(明确的)victimsofsocietyandnature.AndoneofthemostfamiliarthemesinAmericanNaturalismisthethemeofhuman“bestiality”(兽性),especiallyasanexplanationofsexualdesire.
⑤Characteristics
Artistically(艺术上),naturalisticwritingsareusuallyunpolished(粗糙)inlanguage,lackinginacademicskillsandunwieldlyinstructure.
Philosophically(哲学上),thenaturalistsbelievethattherealandtrueisalwayspartiallyhiddenfromtheeyesoftheindividual(真实的东西是人的眼睛所看不见的),orbeyondhiscontrol(难以控制).Devoidof(缺乏)rationalityandcaughtinaprocessinwhichheisbutapart,mancannotfullyunderstand,letalonecontrol,theworldhelivesin;
hence,heisleftwithnofreedomofchoice.(由于缺乏理性,人只是环境的一部分,所以人类无法完全理解,更别说控制他所生活的世界,因此,人类并没有选择的自由。
)
Inaword,naturalismisevolvedfromrealism(自然主义产生于现实主义)whentheauthor'
stoneinwritingbecomeslessseriousandlesssympatheticbutmoredetached(超然的),ironic(讽刺的)andmorepessimistic(悲观的).Itisnomorethanadifferentphilosophicalapproachtoreality,ortohumanexistence(自然主义是另一种形式的现实主义).
⑥Thesimilarityanddifferencebetweenrealismandnaturalism
Naturalismisevolvedfromrealismwhentheauthor'
stoneinwritingbecomeslessseriousandlesssympatheticbutmoredetached,ironicandmorepessimistic.Itisnomorethanadifferentphilosophicalapproachtoreality,ortohumanexistence.
Thedistinctionlies,firstofall,inthefactthatRealismisconcerneddirectlywithwhatisabsorbedbythesenses;
Naturalism,atermmoreproperlyappliedtoliterature,attemptstoapplyscientifictheoriestoart.
Second,NaturalismdiffersfromRealisminaddinganamoralattitudetotheobjectivepresentationoflife.Naturalisticwriters,adoptingDarwin’sbiologicaldeterminismandMarx’seconomicdeterminism,regardhumanbehaviorascontrolledbyinstinct,emotion,orsocialandeconomicconditions,andrejectfreewill.
Third,Naturalismhadanoutlookoftenbleaker(荒凉的)thanthatofRealism,anditaddedadimensionofpredetermined(已决定的)fatethatrendered(描绘)humanwillultimatelypowerless.
Thetypicalauthorsduringthisperiod
马克·
吐温
1.一般识记:
吐温的生平及创作生涯
2.识记:
吐温的主要作品
3.领会:
吐温作品中的地方色彩、幽默及语言特色
4.应用:
(1)选读《哈克贝里·
费恩》第三十一章:
主题结构、人物刻画、语言特色
(2)哈克的性格分析及其社会意义
亨利·
詹姆斯
詹姆斯的生平和创作生涯
詹姆斯的早期作品
(1)詹姆斯的“现实主义”
(2)詹姆斯的小说艺术特色:
“视角”与心理分析
4.应用:
(1)选读《黛西·
米勒》第一章:
主题结构、人物刻画、语言风格
(2)《黛西·
米勒》的主题和人物分析
艾米莉·
狄金森
狄金森的生平及创作生涯
狄金森的诗歌
(1)狄金森有关“永恒”主题的诗
(2)狄金森的爱情诗
(3)狄金森的自然诗
狄金森诗歌的主题结构,创新和艺术特色
选读狄金森诗歌第441、465.585和712首的结构、主题、语言特色
西奥多·
德莱塞
德莱塞的生平及创作生涯
德莱塞的主要作品
德莱塞小说的语言风格
(1)达尔文主义与德莱塞作品中的自然主义倾向
(2)选读《嘉丽妹妹》的最后一章节选:
Ⅰ.MarkTwain(马克·
吐温)
1.MarkTwain’slifeandposition:
MarkTwainisagreatliterarygiantofAmerica,whomH.L.Mencken(门肯)considered“thetruefatherofournationalliterature.”(真正的民族文学之父)WithworkslikeAdventureofHuckleberryFinn《哈克贝利·
费恩历险记》(1884)andLifeontheMississippi《密西西比河上的生活》(1883)Twainshapedtheworld’sviewofAmericaandmadeamoreextensivecombinationofAmericanfolkhumorandseriousliterature(将美国民间幽默严肃文学完美地结合起来)thanpreviouswritershadeverdone.
MarkTwain,PennameofSamuelLanghorneClemens(塞缪尔•兰霍恩•克莱门斯),wasbornonNovember30,1835,inMissouri(密苏里州),andgrewupintherivertownofHannibal(水村)汉尼巴尔.Afterhisfatherdied,hebegantoseekhisownfortune.Heonceworkedasajourneymanprinter,asteamboatpilot,anewspapercolunistandasadeadpanlecturer.Twain'
swritingtooktheformofhumorousjournalismofthetime,anditenabledhimtomasterthetechniqueofnarration.
2.Writingfeatures:
Localcolorist
Twainisalsoknownasalocalcolorist,whopreferredtopresentsociallifethroughportraitsofthelocalcharactersofhisregions,includingpeoplelivinginthatarea,thelandscape,andotherpeculiaritieslikethecustoms,dialects,costumesandsoon.Consequently,therichmaterialofhisboyhoodexperienceontheMississippibecametheendlessresourcesforhisfiction,andtheMississippivalleyandtheWestbecamehismajortheme.UnlikeJamesandHowells,MarkTwainwroteaboutthelower-classpeople,becausetheywerethepeopleheknewsowellandtheir1ifewastheonehehimselfhadlived.Moreoverhesuccessfullyusedlocalcolorandhistoricalsettings(历史背景)toillustrateandshedlightonthecontemporarysociety.
Vernacular(langu