茄子苗嫁接栽培技术方面分析Word格式.docx
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与此同时,备好在本地表现产量高、品质优、抗性强的良种茄子种子(岑溪可用华航润丰一号),为培育接穗做好准备。
Inwaterintomatofruitsmatureperiod(7~12months),gatheringathick,shapegoodpliableandshadedyellowfruitpeelnetdryseeds.Preparegoodlocalperformance,meanwhile,highyield,excellentquality,strongresistancevarietiesofeggplantseeds(CenXiCALembellishfeng1)areavailable,andforcultivatingascion.
1.2 播前种子处理
1.2seedtreatmentbeforeplanting
①晒种浸种前将种子拿到室外暴晒6~8h,提高种子的发芽率,让阳光中的紫外线杀死粘附在种子表面的部分病原菌。
②种子消毒和浸种种子消毒和浸种是个连续进行的过程,常用的方法是温汤浸种法。
具体做法是:
用2份开水、1份凉水兑成约55℃(病原菌致死的温度)的热水,用水量为种子的5~10倍(根据种子量的多少定水量,种子少则用水量相对多些),将种子倾入水中后立即进行搅拌,在热水中泡浸15min,然后加入凉水使水温降到30℃左右,再泡浸10~12h后捞起晾干。
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(1)kindofseedsoakingseedswillgetoutdoorexposurebefore6~8h,improveseedgerminationrate,maketheultravioletrayinsunshineadheredtokillpathogenicbacteriainseedsonthesurfaceofthepart.
(2)seeddisinfectiondisinfectionandseedsoakingseedsandseedisacontinuousprocess,thecommonlyusedmethodislukewarmwaterseedsoakingmethod.Particularwayis:
1with2copiesofboiledwater,coldwateragainsttheinto55℃(pathogenicbacterialethaltemperature)ofhotwater,waterfor5~10timesthatofseeds(accordingtohowmuchwater,seedsquantityofseedwaterconsumptionisrelativelymuchless),seedswillpourintothewaterimmediatelyaftermixing,soakinginthehotwatersoakfor15min,thenaddthecoldwatermakesthewatertemperaturetoaround30℃,thensoak10~12hafterscoopinguptodry.
1.3 播种与育苗
1.3thesowingandseedling
1.3.1 种子催芽常规育苗水茄(刺茄)种子较难发芽,有三种催芽方法:
①直播将种子浸泡48h,苗床消毒后浇足底水,均匀播种,覆土后盖膜,昼夜温差达10℃,10~15d出苗。
②温箱变温处理将种子浸泡48h,捞起晾干后装入布袋,放入恒温箱中,调节温度,30℃8h、20℃16h,反复变温处理,每天用清水洗1次种子,8d即可出芽。
③激素处理按每kg水加100~200mg赤霉素比例配成的液体浸泡24h后,再用清水浸泡24h,放置温箱中变温处理催芽,一般4~5d即可出芽。
1.3.1seedssproutingroutine(thornintomatoseedsandtomatoseedlingwateraredifficulttogerminate,therearethreekindsofacceleratinggerminationmethod:
(1)ontheseedsoaking48h,seedbedwateredfootafterdisinfection,uniformseeding,turnsthesoilbackcoverfilm,10℃temperaturegapbetweendayandnight,10~15demergence.
(2)thethermostattemperatureprocessingwillseedsoaking48h,rescuedafterairintothebag,intheconstanttemperaturebox,adjusttemperature,30℃16h,8h,20℃temperaturetreatmentrepeatedly,seedwash1timesaday,8dbudding.(3)hormonetreatmentperkgofwaterand100~200mgofproportionofga3soakingliquidafter24h,reoccupyclearwatersoakfor24h,theplacingtemperatureinvariabletemperaturetreatmentsprouting,usually4~5dbudding.
1.3.2 播种 茄子在北回归线一带可常年露地栽培,播种期无特别要求,接穗育苗应比砧木育苗晚播25~30d。
春播可在春节前后进行,用薄膜保温。
秋植种子可在6月下旬~7月上中旬播种,播种量为10g/m2,砧木和接穗的用种量为每667m225~30g,砧木苗和接穗苗播在同一田块或相邻的田块,当砧木和接穗长到2~3片真叶时分苗,株行距为8cm,以便嫁接。
1.3.2sowingeggplantintheareaofthetropicofcancerandwillopen,seedingtime,nospecialrequirements,scionnurseryshouldbelaterthanthescionnursery25~30d.SpringsowingcanbeinbeforeandaftertheSpringFestival,withthefilmheatpreservation.AutumnplantingseedscanbeinlateJune-Julyoccurrencepeaksowing,sowingratesof10g/m2,rootstockandscionYongZhongLiangper667m225~30g,graftedseedlingsandgraftingseedlingsplantinginthesamefieldoradjacentfield,whentherootstockandscionlengthto2~3trueleafatseedling,plantspacingis8cm,forgrafting.
1.3.3 育苗播种后保持苗床湿润,并做好病虫害的防治和肥水管理。
1.3.3keepseedbedmoistafterseedlingplanting,andcompletesthediseasesandinsectpestspreventionandcontrolandwatermanagement.
2 嫁接和嫁接苗的管理
2managementofgraftingandgrafting
1 嫁接1.1 嫁接适期和用具 当水茄实生苗长到6片真叶、接穗苗长至5~6片真叶时为嫁接的适宜时期。
过早嫁接因茎细不便操作,过迟因植株木质化程度高影响嫁接成活率。
嫁接用具主要用刮须刀片和嫁接夹,嫁接夹为塑料嫁接夹,小巧灵活,可提高嫁接效率,是目前最理想的嫁接固定物。
使用嫁接夹,接口处保持一定的压力,避免砧穗松动错位而影响成活率,也可用宽1~1.5cm、长5~6cm的塑料薄膜固定嫁接口。
使用前将刀片和嫁接夹或薄膜条放入200倍的福尔马林液中浸泡3~5h进行消毒。
嫁接场地光线要强,嫁接前1d苗地要浇透水。
1.2 嫁接方法常用劈接法嫁接:
当水茄砧木长到6片真叶时,在第二和第三片真叶间将茎平切断,去掉真叶处的腋芽,然后在茎中间劈开,形成向下1~1.5cm的切口,选与砧木茎粗相近的接穗苗(一般有5~6片真叶),保留苗顶2~3片真叶,去掉下端(即在半木质化处),并在两边削成双面楔形,楔长1~1.5cm,与砧木刀口深度一致,随即将接穗插入砧木的切口中,然后用嫁接夹夹在接口处或用上述的薄膜条在嫁接口处缠绕,并用曲别针卡住两端即可。
1grafting1.1optimumperiodandutensilswhenwaterintomatowestlengthto6trueleaf,graftingseedlinglengthto5~6trueleafforgraftingintheappropriateperiod.Graftingforstemthininconvenienceoperationearly,toolateforplanthighlignificationdegreeaffectthegraftingsurvivalrate.Graftingtoolsmainlyuseshavingbladesandclip,graftingclipsforplasticclip,flexible,canimprovetheefficiencyofgrafting,iscurrentlythemostidealgraftfixation.Usinggraftingclips,interfacestomaintainacertainpressure,avoidanvilloosepanicledislocationandaffectsthesurvivalrate,alsocanuse1-1.5cmwide,long5~6cmplasticfilmfixedthegraft.BeforeusingthebladeandgraftingclipsorBoMoTiaoin200timesofformalinliquidsoakfor3~5hdisinfected.Graftingarealightisstronger,1dMiaoDebeforepouringwater.Graftingcleftgraftingmethod,graftingmethodscommonlyused:
1.2whenwaterintomatorootstocklongtosixtrueleaf,betweenthesecondandthirdtrueleaftostemflatcut,removetheleaftotheaxillarybud,thensplitinthemiddleofthestem,downward1~1.5cmincision,chooseclosetostockstemdiameterofgraftingseedlings(usually5~6trueleaf)toretainseedlingsin2~3trueleaf,removethebottom(i.e.,athalflignification),andcutintoadoublewedgetypeonbothsides,thewedge1-1.5cmlong,withuniformdepthoftherootstockedge,theninsertthescionrootstockincision,andthencliponinterfaceswithgraftingorusetheaboveBoMoTiaoinmarryinterface,withapaperclipstuckatbothends.
2 嫁接苗的管理
2managementofgrafting
嫁接后,砧木与接穗的愈合过程分为接合、愈合、融合和成活四个时期。
嫁接初期,嫁接对温度、湿度和光照都有较高要求,是嫁接成活的关键时期。
温度应维持25℃左右,白天要求25~28℃,夜间20~22℃,温度高于30℃或低于20℃都不利于愈伤组织的形成。
管理上,春季应盖小拱棚和纸皮等,秋季温度过高应注意避光降温。
嫁接苗在愈合前对湿度要求较高,相对空气湿度要求保持在90%以上,但要注意不能在苗床上浇水,可采用畦沟灌水渗透润地。
嫁接后遮光3d,防止高温和保持苗地(小拱棚)内的湿度。
由于此时期内接穗和砧木之间的愈伤组织未形成,不能进行水分和养分的传输,若阳光直射茄苗则容易引起接穗萎蔫,在嫁接后第三天傍晚才可逐渐进光,中午防止强光,遇阴雨天可不遮光。
一般10d左右可逐渐撤掉小拱棚覆盖物及塑料膜,转入正常的管理阶段。
Aftergraftingrootstockandscionofthehealingprocessisdividedintojoint,healing,integration,andsurvivalfourperiods.Earlygrafting,graftinghashigherrequirementsontemperature,humidityandlight,isthekeyofthegraftstake.Temperature25℃orsoandshouldremainunchangedduringtherequestfrom25to28℃,20~22℃atnighttemperatureisabove30℃orbelow20℃isnotconducivetotheformationofcallus.Management,springshouldcoversmallGongPengpaperandleather,etc.,hightemperatureshouldpayattentiontoavoidlightcoolautumn.Graftingbeforehealingofhumidity,thedemandishigher,relativeairhumidityrequirementsremainabove90%,butshouldpayattentiontowatercan'
tonthebed,canbeusedinfurrowirrigationpenetrationembellish.Shading3daftergrafting,preventheatandkeepMiaoDe(smallGongPeng)inhumidity.Duetotheperiodbetweenthescionandrootstockcallusformed,nottotransportwaterandnutrients,ifdirectsunlightintomatoseedlingwilting,islikelytocauseascionaftergraftingonthethirdday,theeveningcangraduallyintothelight,atnoontopreventstronglight,meettherainydaydon'
tshading.Canbegraduallyremovedinabout10dsmallGongPengandplasticfilmmulch,intonormalmanagementphase.
3 大田的栽培管理
3fieldcultivationmanagement
1 整地施肥
1sitepreparationfertilization
嫁接苗移植大田后长势强,生长迅速,可实行3~5a宿根栽培,因此大田整地时要深耕,每667m2施足优质有机肥500kg以上,加施磷酸二铵和硫酸钾各30kg或施尿素10kg、磷酸二铵和硫酸钾各20kg。
Aftergraftingtransplantationfieldgrowsstrong,rapidgrowth,mayapply3~5aperennialrootcultivation,fieldtodeepsoilpreparation,therefore,each667m2enoughhighqualityorganicfertilizerratesabove500kg,plus30kgorappliedureadiammoniumphosphateandpotassiumsulfateineach10kgpotassiumsulfate,diammoniumphosphate,andthe20kg.
2 定植
2,home
当嫁接茄苗成活长出2~3片真叶时即可移栽大田,采取双行定植,株距0.6~0.7m,行距1.0m,每667m2栽1000~1100株。
Graftingintomatoseedlingssurvival,when2~3pieceofleafisactivatedwhentransplantingfield,adoptdoublerowplanting,plantingdistanceis0.6~0.7m,1.0mspacing,each667m2strain1000~1100.
3 定植后管理
3afterfieldplantingmanagement
定植后应及时抹除砧木萌芽,并在门茄即第一朵花开花坐果前去掉嫁接夹子。
保护地栽培应在开花时蘸花保果。
Afterengraftmentshoulderasethescionbudintime,andinfrontofthedoorintomatonamelythefirstflowerblossomfruitremovegraftingclips.Protectoratecultivationshoulddipinflowerandfruitduringflowering.
嫁接茄苗移栽大田后长势猛、吸肥能力强,因而需肥量大。
在施足基肥的基础上,移栽成活后结合浇水,每667m2混合施尿素和复合肥各5kg,以后每10d薄施1次,以满足植株生长发育的需要。
Graftingintomatoseedlingsaftertransplantingfieldisgrowingfierce,fertilizerabsorptionabilityisstrong,andfertilizerrequirement.Inapplicationbasedonthesufficientbasal,transplantingsurvivalafterwater,each667m2ofureaandcompoundfertilizermix5kg,10dthinafter1time,inordertomeettheneedsofplantgrowthanddevelopment.