考研语法长难句Word文件下载.docx
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（二）英语的五种基本句型
1.主谓，比如Isleep.前提是该动词是不及物动词，即不能接宾语。
2.主谓宾，比如Iboughtit.前提是该动词是及物动词，即可以接宾语。
3.主谓宾+宾补，比如Isawherreading.
4.主谓+双宾，比如Hegavemeabook.
5.主系表，比如MyfavoriteisEnglish.
（三）系动词的类型（一般用形容词来修饰系动词）
1.感官动词：
feel，smell,sound,look,seem,taste…
2.表示状态保持的词：
remain,continue,keep,stay,maintain,hold…
3.表示状态改变的词：
turn,get,become,grow,run…
4.表示主语终止的词：
prove,turnout…
二时态
（一）动词的时态一共有16种：
以ask为例，将其各种时态的构成形式列表如下：
时
体
现在时
过去时
将来时
过去将来时
一般
ask/asks
一般现在时
asked
一般过去时
shall/willask
一般将来时
should/wouldask
进行
am/is/areasking
现在进行时
was/wereasking
过去进行时
shall/willbeasking
将来进行时
should/wouldbeasking
过去将来进行时
完成
have/hasasked
现在完成时
had
过去完成时
shall/willhaveasked
将来完成时
should/wouldhaveasked
过去将来完成时
完成进行
have/hasbeenasking
现在完成
进行时
hadbeenasking
过去完成
shall/willhavebeenasking
将来完成
should/wouldhavebeenasking
过去将来完成
（二）现在完成时与一般过去时的区别：
现在完成时表示过去发生的动作或存在的状况，强调对现在造成的影响或结果，它与表示某段时间的时间状语连用，汉译英时可加“已经”等词。
简言之，利用过去，说明现在。
如：
IhavealreadyreadthenovelwrittenbyMoYan.（已经看过，且了解这本书的内容）。
一般过去时只表示过去发生的动作或状态，和现在无关，它可和表示过去的时间状语连用（即某个时间时间），汉译英时可加“过”，“了”等词。
简言之，仅谈过去，不关现在。
Ireadthenovellastmonth.（只说明上个月看了，不涉及现在是否记住）
完成时的标志性时间状语：
1．for+时间段：
IhavelearnedEnglishfortenyears．
since+时间点：
IhavelearnedEnglishsince2001.
2．常见的副词：
lately；
recently,just，uptonow,tillnow,sofar,thesedays，inthepastfewyears/months/weeks/days,by,bynow,sincethen.
过去时的标志性时间状语：
yesterday；
lastweek；
in1945，atthattime；
once；
duringthewar；
before；
afewdaysago；
when
（三）现在完成时与现在完成进行时的区别：
两者都可以表示“从过去开始一直持续到现在”，在含义上如着重表示动作的结果时，多用现在完成时，如着重表示动作一直在进行，即动作的延续性时，则多用现在完成进行时。
Ihavereadthatbook.我读过那本书了。
Ihavebeenreadingthatbookallthemorning.我早上一直在读那本书。
（四）延续性动词和非延续性动词的区别
延续性动词表示能够延续的动作。
learn,work,stand,lie,know,walk,keep,have,wait,watch,sing,read,sleep,live,stay等。
延续性动词可以与表示时间段的状语连用。
表示时间段的短语有:
for+一段时间,for2years;
since从句,sincehecamehere;
since+一个时间点,sincelastyear,since5daysago;
howlong;
foralongtime等。
例:
Hehaslivedherefor6years.Youcankeepthebookfor5days.Istayedtherefor2weekslastyear.Howlongdidyoustaytherelastyear?
非延续性动词或瞬间动词，表示不能延续的动作,这种动作发生后立即结束。
如:
open,die,close,begin,finish,come,go,move,borrow,lend,buy,arrive等。
Hedied5yearsago.
被动语态
ThemovementtoopposeracialdiscriminationwaspersonallyinitiatedandledbyafamousNegroleader.
ThispicturewastakenbymybrotherashewenttoYunnan.
Howwellthepredictionswillbevalidatedbylaterperformancedependsupontheamount,reliability,andappropriatenessoftheinformationusedandontheskillandwisdomwithwhichitisinterpreted.
Shewasseentoenterthebuildingaboutthetimethecrimewascommitted.
笔记：
II.动词的被动语态：
常用被动语态构成常用被动语态构成
1一般现在时am/is/areasked6过去进行时was/werebeingasked
2一般过去时was/wereasked7现在完成时have/hasbeenasked
3一般将来时shall/willbeasked8过去完成时hadbeenasked
4过去将来时should/wouldbeasked9将来完成时will/wouldhavebeenasked
5现在进行时am/is/arebeingasked10含有情态动词的can/must/maybeasked
注意事项：
被动语态的否定式是在第一个助动词或情态动词后加not，短语动词的被动态不可漏掉其中介副词。
固定结构be
goingto,usedto,haveto,hadbetter变为被动态时，只需将其后的动词变为被动态。
如：
Treesshouldnotbeplantedinsummer./Theboywasmadefunofbyhisclassmates.
Newspapersusedtobesentherebythelittlegirl.
汉语有一类句子不出现主语，在英语中一般可用被动结构表示。
Itisbelievedthat…Itisgenerallyconsideredthat…Itissaidthat…
Itiswellknownthat…Itmustbepointedoutthat…Itissupposedthat…
Itisreportedthat…Itmustbeadmittedthat…Itishopedthat…
下面主动形式常表示被动意义：
Thewindowwants/needs/requiresrepairing.Thebookisworthreadingtwice.
Thedoorwon’tshut./Theplaywon’tact.Theclotheswasheswell./Thebooksellswell.
Thedishtastesdelicious./Waterfeelsverycold.
下面词或短语没有被动态：
leave,enter,reach,become,benefit,cost,equal,contain,last,lack,fit,fail,have,appear,happen,occur,belongto,takeplace,breakout,comeabout,agreewith,keepupwith,consistof,haveon,loseheart等等
二主从：
Itisimaginedbymanythattheoperationsofthecommonmindcanbebynomeanscomparedwiththoseofthescientists’minds,andthattheyhavetobeacquiredbyasortofspecialtraining.
2000.72Furthermoreitisobviousthatthestrengthofacountry’seconomyisdirectlyboundupwiththeefficiencyofitsagricultureandindustry,andthatthisinturnrestsupontheeffortofscientistandtechnologistsofallkinds.
[2007Text4]Surelyitshouldbeobvioustothedimmestexecutivethattrust,thatmostvaluableofeconomicassets,iseasilydestroyedandhugelyexpensivetorestore-andthatfewthingsaremorelikelytodestroytrustthanacompanylettingsensitivepersonaldatagetintothewronghands.
三强调句型
Thus,intheAmericaneconomicsystemitisthedemandofindividualconsumers,coupledwiththedesireofbusinessmentomaximizeprofitsandthedesireofindividualstomaximizetheirincomesthattogetherdeterminewhatshallbeproducedandhowresourcesareusedtoproduceit.
四同位语从句：
Ø
Hemadeadecisiontotheeffectthathewouldresign.
TheknowledgethatHanMeimeihasmarriedwithLileisurprisedallofus.
However,theconventionalviewthateducationshouldbeoneoftheveryhighestprioritiesforpromotingrapideconomicdevelopmentinpoorcountriesiswrong.–2009text3
Acenturyago,Freudformulatedhisrevolutionarytheorythatdreamswerethedisguisedshadowsofourunconsciousdesiresandfears.
ThistrendbeganduringtheSecondWorldWar,whenseveralgovernmentscametotheconclusionthatthespecificdemandsthatagovernmentwantstomakeofitsscientificestablishmentcannotgenerallybeforeseenindetail.
Thereisnoagreementwhethermethodologyreferstotheconceptspeculiartohistoricalworkingeneralortotheresearchtechniquesappropriatetothevariousbranchesofhistoricalinquiry.
五定从
Schoolhavealwaysbeeninasocietywherepracticalismoreimportantthanintellectual.2004
Straitford'
sbriefsdonotsoundliketheusualWashingtonback-and-forthing,wherebyagenciesavoiddramaticdeclarationsonthechancetheymightbewrong.
Literatureistheplacewherethepastmeetsthepresenttocontemplatethefuture.
He’llrepeatsuchquestionsasarediscussedinthebook.
（1995,45）Thewordsusedbythespeakermaystirupunfavorablereactionsinthelistener_______interferewithhiscomprehension.
A.whoB.asC.whichD.what
Thechangemetthetechnicalrequirementofthenewageandpreventedthedeclineinefficiencythatsocommonlyspoiledthefortunesoffamilyfirmsinthesecondandthirdgenerationaftertheenergeticfounders.（1996年真题）
Darwinbelievesthatthisverydifficultmayhavehadcompensatingadvantage//offorcinghimtothinklongandintentlyabouteverysentence,andthusenablinghimtodetecterrorsinreasoningandinhisownobservations.
（2005.49）Creatinga“EuropeanIdentity”thatrespectsthedifferentculturesandtraditionswhichgotomakeuptheconnectingfabric（组织）oftheOldContinent（欧洲大陆）isnoeasytaskanddemandsastrategicchoice.
Behavioristsuggeststhatthechildwhoisraisedinanenvironmentwheretherearemanystimuliwhichdevelophisorhercapacityforappropriateresponseswillexperiencegreaterintellectualdevelopment.
TheAmericaneconomicsystemis,organizedaroundabasicallyprivate-enterprise,market-orientedeconomyinwhichconsumerslargelydeterminewhatshallbeproducedbyspendingtheirmoneyinthemarketplaceforthosegoodsandservicesthattheywantmost.
InEurope,aselsewhere,multi-mediagroupshavebeenincreasinglysuccessful；
groupswhichbringtogethertelevision,radio,newspapers,magazinesandpublishinghousethatworkinrelationtooneanother.
（2005年）Asalinguist,heacknowledgesthatallvarietiesofhumanlanguage,includingnon-standardoneslikeBlackEnglish,canbepowerfullyexpressive;
thereexistsnolanguageordialectintheworldthatcannotconveycomplexideas.
六比较结构
Morethan
notmorethan
Nomorethan
Lessthan
notlessthan
Nolessthan
Hardly/notanymorethan
Hardly/notanylessthan
Science,inpractice,dependsfarlessontheexperimentsthanonthepreparednessofthemindsofthemenwhowatchtheexperiments.
Buthisprimarytaskisnottothinkaboutthemoralcode,whichgovernshisactivity,anymorethanabusinessmanisexpectedtodedicatehisenergiestoanexplorationofrulesofconductinbusiness.（2006.49）
As..as
Notso/as..as
Asmuchas
Notsomuch...as
（1994.74）Sciencemovesforward,theysay,notsomuchthroughtheinsightsofgreatmenofgeniusasbecauseofmoreordinarythingslikeimprovedtechniquesandtools.
（2005.46）TelevisionisoneofthemeansbywhichthesefeelingsarecreatedandconveyedandperhapsneverbeforehastelevisionservedsomuchtoconnectdifferentpeoplesandnationsasintherecenteventsinEurope.
2000.Forthewomenofmygenerationwhowereurgedtokeepjugglingthroughthe80s,“down-shifting”inthemid90sisnotsomuchasearchforthemythicalgoodlift--growingyourownorganicvegetables,andriskingturningintoone--asapersonalrecognitionofyourlimitations.
Itwasn’tsomuchthatIdislikedher________thatIjustwasn’tinterestedinthewholebusiness.（2000-语法-9）
[A]rather[B]so[C]than（D）[D]as
Theheartis_____intelligentthanthestomach,fortheyarebothco
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