考研语法长难句Word文件下载.docx

1、（二）英语的五种基本句型1.主谓，比如 I sleep.前提是该动词是不及物动词，即不能接宾语。2.主谓宾，比如 I bought it.前提是该动词是及物动词，即可以接宾语。3.主谓宾+宾补，比如 I saw her reading.4.主谓+双宾，比如He gave me a book. 5.主系表，比如 My favorite is English.（三）系动词的类型（一般用形容词来修饰系动词）1.感官动词：feel，smell, sound, look, seem, taste2.表示状态保持的词：remain, continue, keep ,stay, maintain, hold

2、3.表示状态改变的词：turn, get, become, grow, run4.表示主语终止的词：prove, turn out二 时态（一）动词的时态一共有16种：以ask为例，将其各种时态的构成形式列表如下：时体现在时过去时将来时 过去将来时一般ask / asks一般现在时asked一般过去时shall/will ask一般将来时should/would ask进行am/is/are asking现在进行时was/were asking过去进行时shall/will be asking将来进行时should/would be asking过去将来进行时完成have/has asked现

3、在完成时had 过去完成时shall/will have asked将来完成时should/would have asked 过去将来完成时完成进行have/has been asking现在完成进行时had been asking过去完成shall/will have been asking将来完成should/would have been asking过去将来完成（二）现在完成时与一般过去时的区别：现在完成时表示过去发生的动作或存在的状况，强调对现在造成的影响或结果，它与表示某段时间的时间状语连用，汉译英时可加“已经”等词。简言之，利用过去，说明现在。如：I have already r

4、ead the novel written by Mo Yan. （已经看过，且了解这本书的内容）。一般过去时只表示过去发生的动作或状态，和现在无关，它可和表示过去的时间状语连用（即某个时间时间），汉译英时可加“过”，“了”等词。简言之，仅谈过去，不关现在。I read the novel last month. （只说明上个月看了，不涉及现在是否记住） 完成时的标志性时间状语：1for+时间段：I have learned English for ten yearssince+时间点：I have learned English since 2001.2常见的副词：lately；recent

5、ly, just，up to now, till now, so far, these days，in the past few years/months/weeks/days, by, by now, since then.过去时的标志性时间状语：yesterday；last week；in 1945，at that time；once；during the war；before；a few days ago；when（三）现在完成时与现在完成进行时的区别：两者都可以表示“从过去开始一直持续到现在”，在含义上如着重表示动作的结果时，多用现在完成时，如着重表示动作一直在进行，即动作的延续性时，

6、则多用现在完成进行时。I have read that book.我读过那本书了。 I have been reading that book all the morning. 我早上一直在读那本书。（四）延续性动词和非延续性动词的区别延续性动词表示能够延续的动作。learn, work, stand, lie, know, walk, keep, have, wait, watch, sing, read, sleep, live, stay等。延续性动词可以与表示时间段的状语连用。表示时间段的短语有:for+ 一段时间,for 2 years; since从句,since he came

7、here; since+一个时间点,since last year, since 5 days ago; how long; for a long time等。例:He has lived here for 6 years. You can keep the book for 5 days. I stayed there for 2 weeks last year. How long did you stay there last year?非延续性动词或瞬间动词，表示不能延续的动作,这种动作发生后立即结束。 如:open, die, close, begin, finish, come, g

8、o, move, borrow, lend, buy, arrive等。He died 5 years ago.被动语态The movement to oppose racial discrimination was personally initiated and led by a famous Negro leader.This picture was taken by my brother as he went to Yunnan.How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon th

9、e amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted.She was seen to enter the building about the time the crime was committed. 笔记：II. 动词的被动语态：常用被动语态 构成 常用被动语态 构成 1 一般现在时 am/is/are asked 6 过去进行时 was/were being asked 2 一般过去时 was/w

10、ere asked 7 现在完成时 have/has been asked 3 一般将来时 shall/will be asked 8 过去完成时 had been asked 4 过去将来时 should/would be asked 9 将来完成时 will/would have been asked 5 现在进行时 am/is/are being asked 10 含有情态动词的 can/must/may be asked 注意事项：被动语态的否定式是在第一个助动词或情态动词后加not，短语动词的被动态不可漏掉其中介副词。固定结构begoing to, used to, have to,

11、 had better变为被动态时，只需将其后的动词变为被动态。 如：Trees should not be planted in summer. / The boy was made fun of by his classmates.Newspapers used to be sent here by the little girl. 汉语有一类句子不出现主语，在英语中一般可用被动结构表示。It is believed that It is generally considered that It is said thatIt is well known that It must be po

12、inted out that It is supposed thatIt is reported that It must be admitted that It is hoped that 下面主动形式常表示被动意义：The window wants/needs/requires repairing. The book is worth reading twice.The door wont shut. / The play wont act. The clothes washes well. / The book sells well.The dish tastes delicious.

13、/ Water feels very cold. 下面词或短语没有被动态：leave, enter, reach, become, benefit, cost, equal, contain, last, lack, fit, fail, have, appear, happen, occur, belong to, take place, break out, come about, agree with, keep up with, consist of, have on, lose heart等等二 主从：It is imagined by many that the operation

14、s of the common mind can be by no means compared with those of the scientists minds, and that they have to be acquired by a sort of special training.2000.72 Further more it is obvious that the strength of a countrys economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry, an

15、d that this in turn rests upon the effort of scientist and technologists of all kinds.2007 Text 4Surely it should be obvious to the dimmest executive that trust, that most valuableof economic assets, is easily destroyed and hugely expensive to restore-and that few things are more likely to destroy t

16、rust than a company letting sensitive personal data get into the wrong hands.三强调句型Thus, in the American economic system it is the demand of individual consumers, coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes that together determine

17、 what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it.四同位语从句： He made a decision to the effect that he would resign. The knowledge that Han Meimei has married with Lilei surprised all of us. However, the conventional view that education should be one of the very highest priorities for pro

18、moting rapid economic development in poor countries is wrong. 2009 text 3A century ago, Freud formulated his revolutionary theory that dreams were the disguised shadows of our unconscious desires and fears.This trend began during the Second World War, when several governments came to the conclusion

19、that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail. There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches

20、of historical inquiry. 五定从School have always been in a society where practical is more important than intellectual.2004Straitfords briefs do not sound like the usual Washington back-and-forthing, whereby agencies avoid dramatic declarations on the chance they might be wrong.Literature is the place w

21、here the past meets the present to contemplate the future.Hell repeat such questions as are discussed in the book.（1995,45） The words used by the speaker may stir up unfavorable reactions in the listener _interfere with his comprehension. A. who B.as C. which D. what The change met the technical req

22、uirement of the new age and prevented the decline in efficiency that so commonly spoiled the fortunes of family firms in the second and third generation after the energetic founders.（1996年真题）Darwin believes that this very difficult may have had compensating advantage /of forcing him to think long an

23、d intently about every sentence, and thus enabling him to detect errors in reasoning and in his own observations.（2005.49） Creating a “European Identity” that respects the different cultures and traditions which go to make up the connecting fabric （组织） of the Old Continent（欧洲大陆）is no easy task and d

24、emands a strategic choice.Behaviorist suggests that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development.The American economic system is, organized around a basically privat

25、e-enterprise, market- oriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most.In Europe, as elsewhere, multi-media groups have been increasingly successful；groups which bring together tel

26、evision, radio, newspapers, magazines and publishing house that work in relation to one another.（2005年） As a linguist, he acknowledges that all varieties of human language, including non-standard ones like Black English, can be powerfully expressive; there exists no language or dialect in the world

27、that cannot convey complex ideas.六比较结构More than not more thanNo more thanLess thannot less thanNo less thanHardly /not any more thanHardly/not any less thanScience, in practice, depends far less on the experiments than on the preparedness of the minds of the men who watch the experiments.But his pri

28、mary task is not to think about the moral code, which governs his activity, any more than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration of rules of conduct in business. （2006.49）As . asNot so /as . asAs much asNot so much .as（1994.74） Science moves forward, they say, not so mu

29、ch through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools.（2005.46） Television is one of the means by which these feelings are created and conveyed and perhaps never before has television served so much to connect different peoples and natio

30、ns as in the recent events in Europe.2000 .For the women of my generation who were urged to keep juggling through the 80s, “down-shifting” in the mid 90s is not so much a search for the mythical good lift-growing your own organic vegetables, and risking turning into one-as a personal recognition of your limitations.It wasnt so much that I disliked her _ that I just wasnt interested in the whole business.（2000-语法-9）A rather B so C than（D） D asThe heart is _ intelligent than the stomach, for they are both co