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darkromanticism复习讲义
DarkRomanticism
☆aliterarysubgenrethatemergedfrom
theTranscendentalphilosophicalmovementpopularinnineteenth-centuryAmerica.
Worksinthedarkromanticspiritwere
influencedby,butdidn’tentirely
embracetheideasofTranscendentalism.
☆Authorsconsideredmost
representativeofdarkromanticismare
EdgarAllanPoe,NathanielHawthorne,
HermanMelvilleandEmilyDickinson.
Features:
1.DarkRomanticsaremuchlessconfidentaboutthenotionthatperfectionisan
innatequalityofmankind,asbelievedby
Transcendentalists.Subsequently,Dark
Romanticspresent
individuals
asprone
﹒His
novels
are
significant
part
of
tosin
and
self-destruction,
notas
American
romanticism,
or
more
inherently
possessing
divinity
and
specifically,DarkRomanticism.
wisdom.
“He
can
neither
believe,
nor
be
2.
Although
nature
is
a
deeply
comfortable
in
his
unbelief;
andheis
too
spiritual
force
and
it
doesreveal
honest
andcourageousnotto
try
todoone
truth
to
man,its
revelations
are
evil
ortheother.Ifhewereareligiousman,
andhellish.
hewouldbeoneofthemosttrulyreligious
3.
Whereas
Transcendentalists
andreverential;hehasaveryhighand
advocate
social
reform
when
noble
nature,
and
better
worth
appropriate,
worksofDarkRomanticism
immortalitythanmostofus.
”
frequently
show
individuals
1.Life
failing
in
their
attempts
to
make
☆BornJuly4,1804inSalem,MA
changesforthebetter.
☆FatherdiedwhenHawthornewasfour
I.NathanielHawthorne（1804-1864）
yearsold.
﹒AnimportantAmericannovelistand
☆sent
to
private
school
once
his
writerofshortstories;
relatives
discovered
his
storytelling
abilities.
Salem.
“TheBirthmark”
☆1821,wentto
BowdoinCollegein
Maine,
☆
His
great-grandfather,
John
“Rappaccini’sDaughter”
wherehe
met
Harriet
Beecher
Stowe,
Hathorne,
wasthemagistrate
presiding
3.ThemesinHawthorne
’sworks
FranklinPierceandHenryLongfellow.
overthetrialoftheaccusedwitches
SenseofEvil
☆MarriedSophiePeabodyin1825
ofSalem（1692）.
（1）Evilisatthecoreofhumanlife.
☆Spentmanyyearsinseclusion
2.RepresentativeWorks
﹒OriginalSin&TotalDepravity
–starvingartist.
Twocollectionsofshortstories:
﹒Evilexistsinthehumanheart,human
☆Held
many
jobs
including
writer,
Twice-toldTales
（1837）
heartisthesource
ofevil.Everyone
publisher,workingata,andconsulinEngland.
☆ThroughoutHawthorne’slife,hewas
incessantlytroubledwithasenseofguilt,
forhisancestors’evilbehaviorsinthe
SalemWitchesTrials.
☆Hisgreat-great-grandfather,WilliamHathorne,orderedthewhippingofAnne
MossesfromanOldManse（1846）
possessessomeevil
secret.
Evil
isman’s
FourRomances:
birthmark.
TheScarletLetter
（1850）
﹒“YoungGoodmanBrown”
TheHouseoftheSevenGables（1851）
﹒HawthorneisinfluencedbyPuritanism
TheBlithedaleRomance（1852）
deeply,thoughwasnot
aPuritan
himself;
TheMarbleFaun
（1860）
deprivedofEmerson
’soptimism.
ShortStories:
（2）Wheneverthere
is
sin,
thereis
“YoungGoodmanBrown”
punishment.Sinorevil
canbepassedfrom
Colemanandfourothersinthestreetsof“TheMinister’sBlackVeil”generationtogeneration.
☆Duetohissenseofguilt,afterhis
college,Hawthorneaddeda“w”tohis
originalfamilyname“Hathorne”,thus
“Hawthorne”
☆TheHouseoftheSevenGables∞
InthePrefacetothenovel,Hawthorne
statesthatitsmoralisthat"the
wrongdoingofonegenerationlivesinto
thesuccessiveonesand...becomesapureanduncontrollablemischief."
“God,”saidthedyingman,pointinghisfinger,withaghastlylook,attheundismayedcountenanceofhisenemy,
impactofandbyengagementwith
evil—thetragicrisebornofthe
fortunatefall”.
“TheMinister’sBlackVeil”
（4）disgustinscience.Onesourceofevilisoverweeningintellect.
“Dr.Rappaccini’sDaughter”4.Hawthorne’sAesthetics
a.Takegreatinterestinhistoryand
antiquity.
antiquityImagination
“dreamstrangethings,and
makethemlookliketruth”
b.RomanceisthebestformforAmerica
literature.
Romance:
Originally
courtly
stories
dealing
with
the
three
traditional
subjects:
the
legends
about
Arthur,
Charlemagne
and
his
knights,
and
classical
heroes
especially
Alexander;it
involves
the
suspension
of
the
circumstancesnormallyattendant
onhuman
actions
（often
throughmagic）inorderto
illustrate
a
moral
point;
from
18th
century,
it
started
to
embrace
some
sentimentalnovels.
thepovertyofmaterialsHisPuritan
“Godwillgivehimbloodtodrink!
”☆“thepovertyofmaterials”
（3）Evileducates.☆Historyandantiquityfurnishthe
Achievementispossibleonly“underthesoilonwhichhisgrowstofruition.
prudence
Romance:
“totellthetruthand
satireandyetnottooffend.”
5.
Hawthorne’sWritingStyles
combinationof
historyand
story
sets
oflove:
a.Theuseofsymbol.
itselfinthebackgroundofapuritan
Love
TenCommandments
∞
b.Revelation
of
characters
’psychology:
village
inthe
17thcentury’sBoston.
☆aduplicateofAdamandEve
heisgoodatexploringthecomplexityof
TherearethreescenesofScaffoldin
human
psychology.
There
isn’tmuch
thewholenovel
whichseparateit
into
Adultery
Scarlet
physicalmovementgoingoninhisworks.
threeparts.
letter
c.Theuseofsupernaturalmixedwiththe
Dimmesdale
HesterPrynne
（Forbidden
fruit）
actual.
（the
spiritual
A）（the
physical
A）
（banishment）
d.
His
stories
are
parable
Evileducates.
Roger
（allegory）——toteachalesson.
（Knowledge）
Chillingworth
e.Useofambiguitytokeepthereaderin
☆Americanromanticismadapteditselfto
Pearl
（the
real
the
world
of
uncertainty——multiple
AmericanPuritanismmoralism.
villain）
pointsofview.
1.IamtheLordyourGod.
（aconcreteA）
Hawthornflowers
2.Youshallhavenoothergodsbefore
b.Achievements
6.
TheScarletLetter
me;you
shallnotmakefor
yourselfan
1.Romanticismvs.Puritanism
a.TheStory
idol.
☆aromancewithoutmuchdescription
Also
an
example
of
Hawthorne’s
3.Youshallnotmakewrongfuluseofthe
nameofyourGod.
4.RemembertheSabbathandkeepitholy.
5.Honoryourfatherandmother.
6.Youshallnotmurder.
7.Youshallnotcommitadultery.
8.Youshallnotsteal.
9.Youshallnotbearfalsewitnessagainstyourneighbor.
10.Youshallnotcovetyourneighbor’s
wifeoranythingthatbelongstoyour
neighbors.
2.IllustrationofthethemeonSin
☆Hester:
ahymnonthemoralgrowthof
thewomanwhensinnedagainst.Sinresultsinexpulsionandsuffering,butitalso
resultsinknowledge—specifically,in
knowledgeofwhatitmeanstobehuman.For
Hester,thescarletletterfunctions
as"herpassportintoregionswhereotherwomendarednottread",leading
herto"speculate"abouthersocietyandherselfmore"boldly"thananyoneelseinNewEngland.
☆Dimmesdale:
the“cheating
minister”,startedinpurityandendedincorruption.Hesufferedfromthedisintegrationbetweenspiritualandphysical.
“thebestpolicyformanistobetrue,
honest,andeverreadytoshowone’s
worsttotheoutsideworld.”
3.Symbolism
TheScarletLetterachievesan
extraordinaryachievementsasregards
totheusageofsymbolism.Examples:
i.“A”:
adulteryableangel
（apostle）
ii.scaffold:
openacknowledgementof
personalsin;Italsorepresentstheneedforpublicatonement.
iii.forest:
whereevilwouldlivesidebysidewithgoodness.
vi.Pearl:
theconcretesymbolof“A”
C.Excerpts
Thosewhohadbeforeknownher,andhad
expectedtobeholdherdimmedandobscured
byherbeautyshoneout,andmadeahalo
ofthemisfortuneandignominyinwhichshewasenveloped.
⋯shefelt,atmoments,asifshemust
needsshriekoutwiththefullpowerofher
lungs,andcastherselffromthescaffold
downupontheground,orelsegomadatonce.
Withoutanyeffortofhiswill,orpower
torestrainhimself,heshriekedaloud;an
outcrythatwentpealingthroughthenight,
andwasbeatenbackfromonehouseto
another,andreverberatedfromthehills
inthebackground⋯
Pearlkissedhislips.Aspellwas
broken⋯Towardshermother,too,Pearl’s
errandasamessengerofanguishwasall
fulfilled.
“Hester,”saidtheclergyman,
“farewell!
”
“Shallwenotmeetagain”whisperedshe⋯
“⋯itwasthenceforthvaintohopethatwecouldmeethereafter,inan
everlastingandpurereunion.God
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