aps经济审核总结Word文档格式.docx

aps经济审核总结Word文档格式.docx

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stwofactortheory,thistheorymainlysuggestedatwo-stepapproachtounderstandingemployeemotivationandsatisfaction.Hedividedthereasonswhichwouldinfectemployeesintotwokinds,oneishygienefactorsandtheotherismotivatorfactors.Suchfactorslikewages,companypolicyandworkingconditionsarehygienefactors,thiskindoffactordecidedifitwouldcostdissatisfactionanddemotivation.Andthemotivationfactorsaremorelikelytobesomethinglikeopportunitytoadvancement,challengingandsenseofpersonalachievement.Unlikehygienefactors,motivationfactorswillhelptodeterminesatisfactionandmotivation.thistheoryactuallybeenusedwidelyinmoderncompanies,...

Secondly,welearnedaveryfamousandimportanttheory,Maslow'

s"

HierarchyofNeeds"

.Itsuggeststhatyouaremotivatedbyyourneeds,andyourneedscanbedividedintofivehierarchy,therearephysiological,safety,love\belonging,esteem,self-actualization.

3.Politicaleconomics

InthiscoursewelearnedMarxism,inwhichintroducedValueinuse,itmeansany

labor-producthasavalueandause-value,andifittradedasacommodityinmarkets,it

Additionallyhasanexchangevalue,mostoftenexpressedasamoney-price.

Marxacknowledgesthatcommoditiesbeingtradedalsohaveageneralutility,impliedbythefactthatpeoplewantthem,buthearguesthatthisbyitselftellsusnothingaboutthespecificcharacteroftheeconomyinwhichtheyareproducedandsold.Usevaluemeanstheabilitytosatisfypeople'

ssomecertainneed.Forexample,theaveragepriceforonehouristen,thenamadeashoeinonehour,butitisdamaged,thenthevalueofthisshoeistenbuttheusevalueofthisshoeiszerosincetheshoealreadylostitsabilitytosatisfypeople'

sneed.

Secondly,exchangevalueasforMarxreferstowhatothercommoditiesitwillexchangefor.

4.Monetarybanking

Inthiscourse,ilearnedthemainlyaboutbank,bankisafinancialinstitutionwhoseprimaryactivityistoactasapaymentagentforcustomersandtoborrowandlendmoney.Nowbankscanoffermanydifferentchannelsandservices,suchasbranches,ATMs,mails,telephonebankingandonlinebanking.Peoplecangettheseserviceseasily.Forexample,Ipreferbuyingsomethingontheinternet,becauseitisveryeasyandbymyonlinebankingIcanpaythebillsquickly.WhenIwanttotransformsomemoneytosomeone,viaonlinebankingIcandoitandcheckmyaccount.Becauseofthisservice,Iwon’ttogotothebankandwaitforlongtime.Viaonlinebanking,peoplealsocanchoosetosavetheirmoney,paytheelectricityfee

BrettonWoodssystem,it'

sbeenbuiltupaftertheworldwartwo,itsfeaturewasanobligationforeachcountrytoadoptamonetarypolicythatmaintainedtheexchangeratebytyingitscurrencytotheUSdollarandtheabilityoftheIMFtobridgetemporaryimbalanceofpayments.Theultimatereasonswhythissystembrakedownistheinsolvableproblemofthissystem,firstofall,ifthedollarneedstobestableorelseothercountrywouldnotacceptitasaninternationalpaymentandstoremethod,soAmerican'

sinternationalpaymentneedtobefavorablebalance,butontheotherhand,theothercountriesintheworldneedtohaveenoughforeignexchangereservewhichwouldneedAmericantokeepindeficit.Therearethreedirectreasonswhythissystembrokedown,1.American'

sgoldreservekeepreducing,whichmainlycausebytheVietNamwar.2.American'

sinflationgettingworse.3.American'

sinternationalbalanceofpaymentkeepbeingdeficit,whichcausetheDollarGult.

Thenilearnedinflationanddeflation,inflationgenerallycausedlotsofcurrencies,whichwouldcausemoneydevalueandtotalpricerisesup.Inflationcanbedividedintodemand-pullinflationandcost-pushinflation,theformeronecausedbyexcessivegrowthofaggregatedemand,itmeanstoomuchmoneychasetoofewgoods.Tobemorespecific,itcouldbedemandformoneyisinvariantbutthemoneysuppleincreasetoomuch.,ortheeconomysystemdecreaseitsdemandformoneygreatly.Andthesecondtypeofinflationiscausebytheincreaseofcost,materialandsalary.Deflationiscausedbypricegoingdownformorethanoneyear.Itcancause3lowand1high.Priceofcommoditiesgoesdown,effectivedemandsisnotenough,moneysupplyislowandeconomygrowsinalowrate,andhighunemployment.Anincreaseinthegenerallevelofpricesimpliesadecreaseinthepurchasingpowerofthecurrency.

Measures:

Expansionarymonetarypolicy,expansionaryfiscalpolicy.Expansionary

monetarypolicymeansismonetarypolicythatseekstoincreasethesizeofthemoneysupply.fiscalpolicyistheuseofgovernmentrevenuecollection（taxation）andexpenditure（spending）toinfluencetheeconomy.Thetwomaininstrumentsoffiscalpolicyaregovernmenttaxationandexpenditure.Changesinthelevelandcompositionoftaxationandgovernmentspendingcanimpactthefollowingvariablesintheeconomy:

Aggregatedemandandthelevelofeconomicactivity;

Thepatternofresourceallocation;

Thedistributionofincome.

5.Accounting

Firstlyilearnedaccountingisprocessingtheeconomydataintoaccountinginformation,sothatwecanfiguringoutthefinancialstatusandbusinessresultsanduseitforfuturedecision.Tobemorespecific,welearnedbalancesheet,itincludingassets,liabilitiesandnetworth.Assetsshowsalltheproductiveassetsacompanyowns,andthesecondpartshowsallthefinancingmethods,suchasliabilitiesandshareholder'

sequity.Italwayshavetofollowtheformula:

Assets=Liabilities+Shareholders'

Equity.

Balancesheethasalotoffunctions,allowmetoexplainthemtoyouinavividlyexample,ikepteveryincomeandexpenditureofmyfamily,sofirst,fromiticanquicklygettoknowthefinancialstatementofourfamily,aboutthefamily'

sfinancialstrengthandcapabilitiesto

Purchasesomethingexpensivelikecarsorhouse.Ithinkthisissameforthecompany,theycanquicklyknowwhethertheyarereadytoexpansionornot.Secondly,thebalancesheetcanhelptoanalyzethetrend,intheareaofreceivablesandpayables.Thirdly,alongwiththeincomestatement,canmakefinancialreportingtopotentiallendersuchasbanks,investors.

Andwelearnedcashflowstatement.

6.Corporatefinance

Ilearnedthetimevalueofmoneyinthiscourse,itreferstoacertainamountofmoneycanbuymorethingsthanthesamemoneycanbuyinpresent.Forexample,nowihave100yuan,iftheinterestis5%,thenafterayear,this100yuanwillbeworth105yuaninthefuture.Thisisbecausethecommonphenomenonofinflation.Forexample,astheprofessorsaid,theoretically,,youareactuallysavingmoneyifyoupaythecreditcard'

sdebtatthelastdayofthelimitation.

Thenwelearnedmatchingprinciple,acompanycanminimizeitsfinancialcostbymatchingprinciple,whichreferstoashorttermfinancedemandshouldsupplybyshorttermdebtfinancing,andlongtermfinancedemandshouldbesupportbylongtermfinancerecourse.Forexample,

7.Internationaltrade

Inthiscourse,ilearnedfreetradeandprotectionism,freetradeisatradepolicythatallowstraderstoactortransactwithouttheinterferencefromgovernment,underthistradepolicy,pricesareareflectionoftruesupplyanddemand,andarethesoledeterminantofresourcesallocation.Andprotectionismistheeconomicpolicyofrestrainingtradebetweenstates,throughmethodsliketariffsonimportedgoods,restrictivequotasandsomeothergovernmentregulationsdesignedtodiscourageimportsandpreventforeigncompaniestakeoverdomesticmarketsandcompanies.Forexample,Walmartinchina.TwosupermarketsfromWalmart,ShenzhenWalmartandBeijingWalmartmighthavedifferentpricesononegood,becauseShenzhenasaeconomicspecialzone,don'

tallowprotectionismexist,theChinesegovernmentinordertoprotectthedomesticretailer,setupaseriesoftaxpolicytoforeignretailers.

Thirdly,welearnedbalanceoftrade,itreferstothedifferencebetweenthemonetaryvalueofexportsandimportsofoutputinaneconomyovericertainperiod.Apositiveorfavorablebalanceoftradeisknownasatradesurplusifitconsistsofexportingmorethanisimported;

anegativeorunfavorablebalanceisreferredtoasatradedeficitoratradegap.Surplusappearsonthebalanceofpaymentwillbeasacreditbalance,theadvantageofitisitwillenhancetheabilityofinternationalreserveandforeignpayment,butitalsohavedisadvantagesaboutit,forexamplechinaandAmerican:

1.ItwillincreasethepressureofRMBappreciation,cuzfavorablebalanceoftradewillmakethesupplyofdollarmorethandemand,thenwillcausetheexpectationofdollardepreciationandRMBappreciation,thenitwouldincreasethepressureofRMBappreciation,themoresurplusgetthebiggerpressureofRMBappreciationgets.Favorablebalanceoftradewouldcauseinternationaltradefriction,china'

shavingfavorablebalancemeansthecountriesdoingbusinesswithchinawillhaveunfavorablebalance,thentheywilluselimittheexportofchina'

sproducttoprotecttheirdomesticindustry,forexample,afterChinajoinWTO,tradebetwe