英语写作手册英文版知识点Word格式.docx

英语写作手册英文版知识点Word格式.docx

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Indentthefirstlineofeveryparagraph,leavingaspaceofaboutfourorfiveletters. 

Ⅱ.WordDivision移行

Thegeneralprincipleistodivideawordaccordingtoitssyllables.Payattentiontothefollowing:

One-syllablewordslikethrough,march,brainandpushedcannotbedivided. 

Donotwriteoneletterofawordattheendoratthebeginningofaline,evenifthatonelettermakesupasyllable,suchasa.lone,trick.y. 

Donotputatwo-lettersyllableatthebeginningofaline,likehat.ed,cab.in. 

Avoidseparatingpropernamesofpeopleorplaces,likeChi.na,Aus.ten. 

Dividehyphenatedwordsonlyatthehyphen:

father-in-law,empty-handed.Donotdividewordsinawaythatmaymisleadthereader:

pea.cock,re.ally. 

Donotdividethelastwordonapage.Instead,writethewholewordonthenextpage.Dividewordswithprefixesorsuffixesbetweentheprefixorsuffixandthebasepartoftheword:

re.state.ment,un.relent.ing.Dividetwo-syllablewordswithdoubleconsonantsbetweenthetwoconsonants:

strug.gle,shat.ter.Dividingwordsisnotalwayseasy.Whenindoubt,consultadictionary

Ⅲ.Capitalization大写

Capitalsareusedmainlyatthreeplaces:

thefirstwordsofsentences,keywordsintitles,andpropernames.

Ⅳ.Punctuation标点

V.Handwriting书法

Writecarefullysothatyourhandwritingcanbereadeasily.

PartTwo

Diction措词

Ⅰ.LevelsofWords词的类型

Thewordsthatareoftenusedmaybedivided,fromastylisticpointofview,intothreetypes:

formal,common,andinformal.Formalwordsmayalsobecalledlearnedwords,orliterarywords,or"

big"

words.Theymainlyappearinformalwriting,mostofthemareseldomusedindailyconversation,exceptforspecialpurposes.

thosethatpeopleuseeveryday,andappearinallkindsofwriting.,theyarecalledcommonwords.Therearewordswhicharemainlyusedininformalorfamiliarconversation.Theyseldomappearinformalwriting,andinliteraryworkstheirmainuseistorecordpeople'

sthoughtsanddialogues.TheyareusuallyshortwordsofoneortwosyllablesandmostofthemareofSaxonoriginWemaycalltheminformalwords

Slangwordsarehighlyinformal;

theymaybevividandinteresting,buttheymay,whenusedinappropriately,makethewriterorspeakersoundoffensiveorfunny

Ⅱ.TheMeaningofWords词义

Themeaningofawordhastwoaspects:

denotativeandconnotative.Aword'

sdenotationiswhatitliterallymeans,asdefinedbythedictionary;

itsconnotationisthefeelingorideasuggestedbyit.

Ⅲ.GeneralandSpecificWords泛指词和特指词

Specificwordshelptomakewritingclear,exact,vivid,andstriking,fortheyaremoreinformativeandexpressivethangeneralwords.

Ⅳ.Idioms习语

Anidiomisafixedgroupofwordswithaspecialmeaningwhichisdifferentfromthemeaningsofthewordsthatformit.

Idiomsarefrequentlyusedinspeechandwriting.Theyhelptomakeone'

slanguagesoundnaturalandidiomatic.

Ⅴ.FiguresofSpeech修辞

Wordsusedintheiroriginalmeaningsareusedliterally,whilewordsusedinextendedmeaningsforthepurposeofmakingcomparisonsorcallinguppicturesinthereader'

sorlistener'

smindareusedfiguratively.

1.Simile明喻Itisacomparisonbetweentwodistinctlydifferentthingsandthecomparisonisindicatedbythewordasorlike.

2.Metaphor暗喻Itistheuseofawordwhichoriginallydenotesonethingtorefertoanotherwithasimilarquality.3.Personification拟人Itistotreatathingoranideaasifitwerehumanorhadhumanqualities.Inpoetrypersonificationisverycommon:

Inprosepersonificationisalsoused,thoughnotsooftenasinpoetry.

4.Metonymy转喻Itissubstitutingthenameofonethingforthatofanotherwithwhichitiscloselyassociated.

5.Synecdoche提喻Whenapartissubstitutedforthewholeorthewholeissubstitutedforapart,synecdocheisapplied

6.Euphemism委婉语Itisthesubstitutionofamildorvagueexpressionforaharshorunpleasantone.

7.Irony反语Itistheuseofwordswhichareclearlyoppositetowhatismeant,inordertoachieveaspecialeffect.

8.Overstatementandunderstatement夸大和缩小Inoverstatementthedictionexaggeratesthesubject,andinunderstatementthewordsplaydownthemagnitudeorvalueofthesubject.Overstatementisalsocalledhyperbole.Bothaimatthesameeffect:

tomakethestatementordescriptionimpressiveorinteresting.

9.TransferredEpithet移位修饰Anepithetisanadjectiveordescriptivephrasethatservestocharacterizesomebodyorsomething.Atransferredepithetisonethatisshiftedfromthenounitlogicallymodifiestoawordassociatedwiththatnoun.

10.Oxymoron矛盾修辞法Inoxymoronapparentlycontradictorytermsarecombinedtoproduceaspecialeffect.

11.Alliteration押头韵Itreferstotheappearanceofthesameinitialconsonantsoundintwoormorewords.

Alliterationissometimesusedinproseforthesameeffect-tojointwoormorerelatedwords.

PartThree

TheSentence

Ⅰ.CompleteSentencesandSentenceFragments

Agrammaticallycompletesentenceisonethatcontainsatleastasubjectandapredicate（orfinite）verb;

iftheverbistransitive,theremustbeanobject;

iftheverbisalink-verb,theremustbeapredicativeorcomplement:

Acompletesentencebeginswithacapitalletterandendswithaperiod.

Ⅱ.TypesofSentences

1.Declarative,Interrogative,Imperative,andExclamatorySentences

Accordingtotheiruse,sentencesaredeclarative,interrogative,imperative,orexclamatory.Adeclarativesentencemakesanassertionorastatement.Aninterrogativesentenceasksaquestion.Animperativesentenceexpressesacommandorarequest.Anexclamatorysentenceexpressesastrongfeelingoremotion

2.Simple,Compound,Complex,andCompound-ComplexSentences

Accordingtotheirstructuresentencesaresimple,compound,complex,orcompound-complex.Asimplesentencehasonlyonesubjectandonepredicate-verb,butitmaycontainmorethanoneobject,attributeoradverbial.Asentencewithtwoormoresubjectsorpredicate-verbsAcompoundsentenceconsistsoftwoormoreindependentclauses（orsimplesentences）relatedtoeachotherinmeaning,andlinkedbyacoordinatingconjunction（and,but,or,etc.）orbyasemicolonwithoutaconjunction.Coordinatedideasshouldbecompatibleandroughlyequalinimportance,ortakeshapeonebyoneinorderlysequence.Acomplexsentencecontainsonemain（orprincipal）clauseandoneormoredependent（orsubordinate）clauses,withaconnectiveworddenotingtherelationbetweenthetwoparts.Thedependentclausemayplaythepartofasubject,anobject,apredicative,anattribute,oranadverbialinthemainclause.Asarule,themajorideaisexpressedinthemainclauseandtheideaorideasoflesserimportanceinthesubordinateclauses.Acompound-complexsentencecontainsatleasttwomainclausesandatleastonedependentclause-acombinationofacompoundandacomplexsentence.

Shortsimplesentencesareoftenusedtomakeemphaticorimportantstatements,suchasthefirstsentenceofthefirstpassageandthelasttwosentencesofthesecondpassage.Longcomplexsentencesexpresscomplexideasclearlyandaccurately.

3.Loose,Periodic,andBalancedSentences

Fromarhetoricalpointofview,sentencesareloose,periodic,orbalanced.Aloosesentenceputsthemainideabeforeallsupplementaryinformation;

Thereversearrangementmakesaperiodicsentence:

themainideaisexpressedatorneartheendofit,anditisnotgrammaticallycompleteuntiltheendisreached.Thereaderdoesnotknowwhatitismainlyaboutuntilhefinishesreadingit.

Loosesentencesareeasier,simpler,morenaturalanddirect;

periodicsentencesaremorecomplex,emphatic,formal,orliterary.Whenasentencecontainstwoormorepartsofthesameformandgrammaticalfunction,itisonewithparallelconstructions.

Suchparallelsentencesareemphaticandforceful.Whenasentencecontainstwoparallelclausessimilarinstructurebutcontrastedinmeaning,itisabalancedsentence.

Balancedsentencesareimpressivebecauseofthecontrast,andpleasingtohearbecauseoftherhythm.Theyaremainlyusedinformalwriting,likeexpositoryandargumentativeprose,andspeeches.

4.ShortandLongSentences

Shortsentencesareusuallyemphatic,whereaslongsentencesarecapableofexpressingcomplexideaswithprecision,becauseitmaycontainmanymodifiers.Shortsentencesaresuitableforthepresentationofimportantfactsandideas,andlongsentencesfortheexplanationofviewsandtheories,orthedescriptionofthingswithmanydetails.Varioussentencestructureshavebeendiscussed.Thebasicprincipleisthatthestructureshouldfittheideabeingexpressed.Inotherwords,theideadeterminesthechoiceofthestructure,nottheotherwayround.

Ⅲ.EffectiveSentences

1.Unity

Unityisthefirstqualityofaneffectivesentence.Aunifiedsentenceexpressesasinglecompletethought.

2.Coherence

Coherencemeansclearandreasonableconnectionbetweenparts.

3.Conciseness

Asentenceshouldcontainnounnecessarywords.Iftheideaisfullyexpressed,thefewerwordsareused,thebetter.

Repetitionissometimesnecessaryforemphasis,butunnecessaryrepetition,eitherofthesamewordsorofdiff