工业设计外文翻译1Word文档格式.docx
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1.GermanBauhausandindustrialdesign
In1919,theBauhausschoolhadbeenbuiltinWeimar,Germany.Thishavebeencalledthe“cradleofworldindustrialdesign”,themilestoneintheartdesignhistory.Bauhausbelievedthattheforemostthingislettingthestudentsexploretheirowndesignways,ratherthanjustteachingthemtheteachers’ways;
developingstudents’independentandcriticalthinkingabilityratherthanimposingcertaindesignstylesonthem.Comparedwithotherdesignschoolsthathadsimilareducationphilosophies,Bauhaushaddistinctiveeducationphilosophy.Ittookthoroughreformonthetraditionalartdesigneducationsystemandestablishedartdesignasanewprofessionaldiscipline.Meanwhile,WalterGropius,thefounderofBauhausmade“Unityofartandtechnology”asthedominantdesigneducationphilosophy.
OneofBauhausinitiativeworksispurifyingtheformsofgeneralindustrialproducts.Bauhausstressedthattheproductformsshouldbedesignedbasedonbasicgeometricpatternssuchascubes,squaresandcircles.Theproductformsandoutlinesshouldbesimpleandvariedindifferentwaysandfollowabstractformprinciplesandaesthetics.BecauseBauhaus’sbraveandaggressiveexploringandreform,ittooksignificantkeyinfluenceontheformingofModernismArtStyleandmadetheBauhausdesignaworld-widereputation.ThereforeBauhausbecamethemilestoneofmodernartdesignhistory.
AmericanartistJosephSinelfirstmentionedthetermofIndustrialdesignin1919.HoweverinChina,until1983,theMinistryofEducationhadconformedindustrialdesigndisciplineasthesamplemajorofgeneralcolleges.Theoriginalnameofthemajoris“ProductForming”forartstudents.In1998thenationalmajorcategoryhadbeenadjustedtobeintegratedintotheinternationalconventions.The“Productforming”majorhadremovedthefocusfromtheproductformstotheareaofresearchingthehuman-product-environmentrelationships.Thenamehadbeenreplacedby“Industrialdesign”andthemajorhadbeensetforbothengineeringandarteducationschools.
BauhaushadmanytopEuropeanartistsatthattime,suchasItten,Kandinsky,andKleeetc.Theyarefamousabstractpainters.TheirteachingcultivatedtheBauhausstudentsandcontributedtothe20’scenturyartdesign.MostoffamousindustrialdesignerssuchasPhilippeStarck,MarcNewsonandyvesbé
hararegraduatedfromtheartdesignschools.Theirsuccessprovedthattheartdesigneducationiseffectiveforindustrialdesigneducation.Theproductformdesignisstillanimportantaspectinundergraduateindustrialdesignstudiesandtheindustrialdesignisanimportantcomponentofcurrentfamousartdesignschools.
RoyalCollegeofArtNorwegianInstituteofArtandDesignUniversityofDuisburg-Essen,PolitecnicodiMilano,HannoverUniversityofAppliedSciencesandArts(FHHannover),theirindustrialdesigndepartmentsarebelongtoartanddesignschools.
America:
AccordingtoasurveyofIDSA(TheIndustrialDesignersSocietyofAmerica)in1998,thereare49institutesthathaveindustrialdesignundergraduateorgraduateprogramsregisteredinIDSAlist.Typicalindustrialdesignmajorsusuallyaresetinartschools,whichcangrantbachelordegreeinfineartsorscience.MostofthemgotthecertificationofNASAD(NationalAssociationofSchoolsofArtandDesign).Only15inthe49schoolsdidnotgetthecertification.IDSAdeclaredthat5yearslater,onlythecertifiedtheindustrialdesignmajorscangetberecognized.Thereare37industrialdesignmajorsinuniversities,6indesigncolleges,4inartschools.Thissituationdidnotvaryincurrentyears.
Asia:
InJapan,industrialdesignmajorsalsosetinartschoolsorindependentindustrialdesignfaculties,suchasTokyoZokeiUniversity,MusashinoArtUniversity,TamaArtUniversity,andUniversityofTsukubaetc.InHongkong,TheHongKongPolytechnicUniversityhasfamousindustrialdesignprograms.InTaiwan,ShihChienUniversity,NationalChengKungUniversity,NationalYunlinUniversityofScience&
Technologyhavefamousindustrialdesignprograms.InmainlandofChina,JiangnanUniversity,TsinghuaUniversity,HunanUniversity,TongjiUniversityandtheGuangzhouacademicoffineartsallhavetheirindustrialdesigndepartmentsintheartdesignschoolsordepartments.
2.10IndustrialDesignTrendsYouCan'
tIgnore
2.1DesignForACause
CompaniesincludingHermanMillerandAmericanApparelarepromotingtheiridealsthroughdesign.YvesBé
har'
sleaflampforHermanMiller(shown)usesabiomorphicgridofLEDs,whichconsume40%percentlessenergythanfluorescentlightsandlastfor100,000hours.AndNikeplanstomakeitsentirefootwearlineoutofsustainablematerialsby2010.
2.2Simplexity
SteveMcCallion,executivecreativedirectorofPortland,Ore.-basedindustrialdesignfirmZibaDesign,saysthere'
satrendtoward"
simplexity,"
productsthathavemanyfunctionsbutareapproachable,ergonomicallycorrectandeasytouse--likeApple'
siPhone.Thebabyboomershavealsopropelledsimplexity;
asthegenerationages,theneedforeasy-to-use,at-homemedicalequipmentbecomesgreater.AmiVerhalen,directorofindustrialdesignatMadison,Wis.-basedDesignConcepts,saysthatin-homehealthcarewillbeahugedriverforproductinnovationintheupcomingdecade.
2.3Personalization
FromNikeIDshoestoBuild-a-Bearteddies,retailersareaddinga"
buildyourown"
elementtobrands.Doityourself--orDIY--servesasanimportantelementofthistrend.PublicationslikeReadyMademagazineandbookslikedesignerWendyMullin'
sSewUencourageconsumerstoputtheirownspinonthings.
2.4Globalization
Likeotherindustries,outsourcinghasaffectedinternationaldesign.TodayadesignerinDelhimightbeworkingwithamanufacturerinColumbus.SteveMcCallionsaysthattheglobalizationofproductdesignhascreatedInternetcommunitiesthatenablemorepeopletoparticipateinthedesignprocess.CompanieslikeKidRobotcanemploytoydesignersfromTokyotoTucsonwithgreatereasethanever.
2.5Ornamentation
Infashiondesign,we'
reseeingareturntominimalism,butinhomedecor,ornatedetailsareinfashion.Forthefirsttimeindecades,wallpaperisinfashion,andthedetailsarerich--brocades,velvetsandjewel-tonecolors.Long-forgottentextiledesignerslikeFlorenceBroadhurstandVeraNeumannarereceivingattentionfromanewgenerationofdesign-savvyconsumers.
2.6PolarizationOfDesign
Big-boxorluxuryretailer?
Manyexpertssaythatdesignhasbeenpolarized,withinnovativeproductsavailableatboththeveryhighend(NeimanMarcus,Moss)andtheverylowend(Target,Ikea).Meanwhile,midrangeretailerslikeMacy'
ssufferfromlackoffresh,on-trendideas.Thatisolatesthehugechunkofthepopulationthatcanaffordsomethinghigher-endthanthe$200MalmbedatIkeabutscoffatthepriceofa$16,000Hastensmattress.
2.7PinkDesign
Gadgetsareaguy'
sgame,right?
Notifyouconsiderthelatestproductswithfemininemystique.MotorolareleasedalipstickpinkRazrcellphone,andmorerecently,LGreleasedaPradaphone.Moreandmoremanufacturersarecreatingsleeker,feminizedversionsoftheirclunky,chunkyproducts,andbothmenandwomenarebiting.Wantproofofthefeminizationofproductdesign?
JustcheckoutG,whichratesseveralitemsadayas"
Geekchic"
or"
JustPlainGeeky."
2.8MassImperfection
Somedesignersarecreatingintentionallyflawedpieces,likedesignerJasonMiller'
sducttapechairorBodum'
sPavinaglasswarecollection,whichusesmouth-blowndouble-walledglass,givingeachpieceaslightvariationinheight,thicknessandweight.Whiskeredandweatheredtextiles--ondenimaswellasfurnitureandtapestries--aremorerecognizableexamplesofintentionalimperfectioninproduction.
2.9Craft
AsmassretailerslikeTargetbecomemoredesign-focused,there'
sacountertrendofindependentmanufacturersanddesignerscreatingone-off,heirloompieces.Wheretofindtheselimited-editiontreasures?
Artisane-commercesiteslikeE,classicalcraftcompanieslikeHeathCeramicsandmodernistdesignhousessuchasDesignWithinReach.
2.10FocusOnTheOther90%
AnthonyPannozzo,vicepresidentofdesignstrategyatWaltham,Mass.-basedfirmHerbstLaZarBell,saysthatwell-designedproductsareavailabletoonly10%oftheworld'
spopulation.However,moreandmoredesignersarestartingtocatertoconsumersinAfrica,AsiaandLatinAmerica.
【References】
[1]SZWang.“AHistoryofModernDesign”,ChinaYouthPress,Beijing,2002
[2]D.S.Yang.“ADiscussionofTheDifferencesinIndustrialDesignEducationbetweenChinaandGermanyfromtheWorkshopProjectPractice”,JournalofHefeiUniversity(NaturalSciences),2006:
21-22
[3]RossonM.B,J.M.Carroll.“UsabilityEn