11 The Prokaryotes Domains Bacteria and ArchaeaWord文件下载.docx

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11-5Differentiatetheepsilonproteobacteriadescribedinthischapterbydrawingadichotomouskey.

Makeadichotomouskeytodistinguishamongtheepsilonproteobacteriadescribedinthischapter.

11-6Differentiatethegroupsofnonproteobacteriagram-negativebacteriadescribedinthischapterbydrawingadichotomouskey.

Makeadichotomouskeytodistinguishamongthegram-negativenonproteobacteriadescribedinthischapter.

11-7Compareandcontrastpurpleandgreenphotosyntheticbacteriawiththecyanobacteria.

Boththepurpleandgreenphotosyntheticbacteriaandthephotosyntheticcyanobacteriauseplantlikephotosynthesistomakecarbohydrates.Inwhatwaydoesthephotosynthesiscarriedoutbythesetwogroupsdifferfromplantphotosynthesis?

11-8Differentiatethegeneraoffirmicutesdescribedinthischapterbydrawingadichotomouskey.

MakeadichotomouskeytodistinguishamongthelowG+Cgram-positivebacteriadescribedinthischapter.

11-9Differentiatetheactinobacteriadescribedinthischapterbydrawingadichotomouskey.

MakeadichotomouskeytodistinguishamongthehighG+Cgram-positivebacteriadescribedinthischapter.

11-10Differentiateamongchlamydias,spirochetes,Cytophaga,Bacteroidetes,andFusobacteriabydrawingadichotomouskey.

Makeadichotomouskeytodistinguishchlamydias,spirochetes,Cytophaga,Bacteroidetes,andFusobacteria.

11-11Nameahabitatforeachgroupofarchaea.

Whatkindofarchaeawouldpopulatesolarevaporatingponds?

11-12Listtwofactorsthatcontributetothelimitsofourknowledgeofmicrobialdiversity.

Howcanyoudetectthepresenceofabacteriumthatcannotbecultured?

NewinthisEdition

•Additionofseveralnewbacterialgroups:

Pelagibacter,Acinetobacterbaumanii,Planctomycetes,andGemmataobscuriglobus

•Reviseddiscussionofthetheoreticalminimalsizeofabacteriumanditsgeneticrequirements

ChapterSummary

Introduction（p.299）

1.Bergey’sManualcategorizesbacteriaintotaxabasedonrRNAsequences.

2.Bergey’sManuallistsidentifyingcharacteristicssuchasGramstainreaction,cellularmorphology,oxygenrequirements,andnutritionalproperties.

TheProkaryoticGroups（p.300）

1.Prokaryoticorganismsareclassifiedintotwodomains:

ArchaeaandBacteria.

DomainBacteria（pp.302–324）

1.BacteriaareessentialtolifeonEarth.

TheProteobacteria（pp.302–312）

1.MembersofthephylumProteobacteriaaregram-negative.

2.Alphaproteobacteriaincludenitrogen-fixingbacteria,chemoautotrophs,andchemoheterotrophs.

3.Thebetaproteobacteriaincludechemoautotrophsandchemoheterotrophs.

4.Pseudomonadales,Legionellales,Vibrionales,Enterobacteriales,andPasteurellalesareclassifiedasgammaproteobacteria.

5.PurpleandgreenphotosyntheticbacteriaarephotoautotrophsthatuselightenergyandCO2anddonotproduceO2.

6.MyxococcusandBdellovibriointhedeltaproteobacteriapreyonotherbacteria.

7.EpsilonproteobacteriaincludeCampylobacterandHelicobacter.

TheNonproteobacteriaGram-NegativeBacteria（pp.313–315）

1.Severalphylaofgram-negativebacteriaarenotrelatedphylogeneticallytotheProteobacteria.

2.CyanobacteriaarephotoautotrophsthatuselightenergyandCO2anddoproduceO2.

3.ChemoheterotrophicexamplesarePlanctomycetes,Chlamydiae,Spirochetes,Bacteroidetes,andFusobacteria.

TheGram-PositiveBacteria（pp.315–324）

1.InBergey’sManual,gram-positivebacteriaaredividedintothosethathavelowG+CratioandthosethathavehighG+Cratio.

2.LowG+Cgram-positivebacteriaincludecommonsoilbacteria,thelacticacidbacteria,andseveralhumanpathogens.

3.HighG+Cgram-positivebacteriaincludemycobacteria,corynebacteria,andactinomycetes.

DomainArchaea（p.325）

1.Extremehalophiles,extremethermophiles,andmethanogensareincludedinthearchaea.

MicrobialDiversity（pp.325–326）

1.Fewofthetotalnumberofdifferentprokaryoteshavebeenisolatedandidentified.

2.PCRcanbeusedtouncoverthepresenceofbacteriathatcan’tbeculturedinthelaboratory.

TheLoop

TheStudyQuestionsdonotaskstudentstorecallcharacteristicsofspecificgroupsofbacteria.AtSkylineCollege,thismemorizationisrequiredduringastudyofPartFourandappropriatelaboratorywork.Atthispoint,studentsareshownhowbacteriaareclassifiedandidentified.Reviewquestion1providesapreliminarykeyforidentificationofunknownsinthelaboratoryandprovidesnamesandcharacteristicsofthelargegroupsofbacteria.

Answers

ThereisnosinglecorrectsolutiontotheCheckYourUnderstandingquestionsthataskforadichotomouskey.Herearesometogetyoustarted.

1.Makeadichotomouskeytodistinguishamongthealphaproteobacteriadescribedinthischapter.

2.Makeadichotomouskeytodistinguishamongthebetaproteobacteriadescribedinthischapter.

3.Makeadichotomouskeytodistinguishamongtheordersofgammaproteobacteriadescribedinthischapter.

4.Makeadichotomouskeytodistinguishamongthedeltaproteobacteriadescribedinthischapter.

5.Makeadichotomouskeytodistinguishamongtheepsilonproteobacteriadescribedinthischapter.

6.Makeadichotomouskeytodistinguishamongthegram-negativenonproteobacteriadescribedinthischapter.

7.MakeadichotomouskeytodistinguishamongthelowG+Cgram-positivebacteriadescribedinthischapter.

8.MakeadichotomouskeytodistinguishamongthehighG+Cgram-positivebacteriadescribedinthischapter.

9.Makeadichotomouskeytodistinguishchlamydias,spirochetes,Cytophaga,Bacteroidetes,andFusobacteria.

Review

1.a.Clostridium

b.Bacillus

c.Streptomyces

d.Mycobacterium

e.Streptococcus

f.Staphylococcus

g.Treponema

h.Spirillum

i.Pseudomonas

j.Escherichia

k.Mycoplasma

l.Rickettsia

m.Chlamydia

2.a.Bothareoxygenicphotoautotrophs.Cyanobacteriaareprokaryotes;

algaeareeukaryotes.

b.Botharechemoheterotrophscapableofformingmycelia;

someformconidia.Actinomycetesareprokaryotes;

fungiareeukaryotes.

c.Botharelargerod-shapedbacteria.Bacillusformsendospores,Lactobacillusisafermentativenon–endospore-formingrod.

d.Botharesmallrod-shapedbacteria.Pseudomonashasanoxidativemetabolism;

Escherichiaisfermentative.Pseudomonashaspolarflagella;

Escherichiahasperitrichousflagella.

e.Botharehelicalbacteria.Leptospira（aspirochete）hasanaxialfilament.Spirillumhasflagella.

f.Botharegram-negative,rod-shapedbacteria.Escherichiaarefacultativeanaerobes,andBacteroidesareanaerobes.

g.Bothareobligatoryintracellularparasites.Rickettsiaaretransmittedbyticks;

Chlamydiahaveauniquedevelopmentalcycle.

h.Bothlackpeptidoglycancellwalls.Ureaplasmaarearchaea;

Mycoplasmaarebacteria（seeTable10.2）.

3.TherearemanywaystodrawaKey.Here’soneexample:

CriticalThinking

1.SeeAppendixF.

a.Firmicutes,Actinobacteria

b.Proteobacteria,nonproteobacteriaexceptChlamydia

c.Archaea

d.Mollicutes,Chlamydia

2.ChromatiumandEscherichiaarebothclassifiedasProteobacteria.

3.a.Methanobacterium

b.Bacillus

c.Lactobacillus

d.Pseudomonas

ClinicalApplications

1.Neisseria（meningitidis）

2.Salmonella（enterica）

3.Listeria（monocytogenes）

CaseStudy:

Microtriviology*

*PhilipA.Geis.“Microtriviology.”AseriesofeightarticlespublishedinSIMNews.

StudentsatSkylineCollegeenjoyansweringthesetriviaquestions.

Trivia?

!

Certainlynotaproperdescriptionofthescienceofmicrobiology!

However,factsthatarenotcommonknowledgewithinthecommunityofmicrobiologistscouldbedescribedasmicrotrivia.Microtriviologyisthestudyoftheselesserknownfacts;

thepursuitofmicrotriviologyisintendedtoinformandentertain.Youmaywanttogivestudents10to20ofthefollowingquestions.

Usingyourtext,laboratoryreferences,andthelibrary,answerthefollowingquestions.

1.WhatcolorarethecoloniesofChromobacteriumspp.?

2.Whichislargerindiameter,the“average”Chlamydiaorthevacciniavirus?

3.WhatisthegeneralnatureofthepigmentcharacteristicallyproducedbyBacteriodesmelaninogenicus?

4.Priorto1992,Burkholderiabacteriawereclassifiedintowhatgenus?

5.WhenwasthefirsteditionofBergey’sManualofDeterminativeBacteriologypublished?

WhateditionofBergey’sManualofDeterminativeBacteriologyiscurrentlyinuse?

6.WhooriginallydescribedthebacteriumnowknownasEscherichiacoli（Bacteriumcolicommune）andisolateditstypespecies?

7.WhatisthecurrentclassificationofbacteriaformerlytermedmembersoftheBethesda-Ballerupgroup?

8.Aretheactinomycetesconsideredbacteriaorfungi?

9.AfterwhomwasthegenusErwinianamed?

10.HowdidSalmonellagetitsname?

11.WithwhatgroupofbacteriaisRunyanassociated?

12.Whatbacteriumfixes