11 The Prokaryotes Domains Bacteria and ArchaeaWord文件下载.docx

1、11-5 Differentiate the epsilonproteobacteria described in this chapter by drawing a dichotomous key.Make a dichotomous key to distinguish among the epsilonproteobacteria described in this chapter.11-6 Differentiate the groups of nonproteobacteria gram-negative bacteria described in this chapter by d

2、rawing a dichotomous key.Make a dichotomous key to distinguish among the gram-negative nonproteobacteria described in this chapter.11-7 Compare and contrast purple and green photosynthetic bacteria with the cyanobacteria.Both the purple and green photosynthetic bacteria and the photosynthetic cyanob

3、acteria use plantlike photosynthesis to make carbohydrates. In what way does the photosynthesis carried out by these two groups differ from plant photosynthesis?11-8 Differentiate the genera of firmicutes described in this chapter by drawing a dichotomous key.Make a dichotomous key to distinguish am

4、ong the low G + C gram-positive bacteria described in this chapter.11-9 Differentiate the actinobacteria described in this chapter by drawing a dichotomous key.Make a dichotomous key to distinguish among the high G + C gram-positive bacteria described in this chapter.11-10 Differentiate among chlamy

5、dias, spirochetes, Cytophaga, Bacteroidetes, and Fusobacteria by drawing a dichotomous key.Make a dichotomous key to distinguish chlamydias, spirochetes, Cytophaga, Bacteroidetes, and Fusobacteria.11-11 Name a habitat for each group of archaea.What kind of archaea would populate solar evaporating po

6、nds?11-12 List two factors that contribute to the limits of our knowledge of microbial diversity.How can you detect the presence of a bacterium that cannot be cultured?New in this Edition Addition of several new bacterial groups: Pelagibacter, Acinetobacter baumanii, Planctomycetes, and Gemmata obsc

7、uriglobus Revised discussion of the theoretical minimal size of a bacterium and its genetic requirementsChapter SummaryIntroduction （p. 299）1. Bergeys Manual categorizes bacteria into taxa based on rRNA sequences.2. Bergeys Manual lists identifying characteristics such as Gram stain reaction, cellul

8、ar morphology, oxygen requirements, and nutritional properties.The Prokaryotic Groups （p. 300）1. Prokaryotic organisms are classified into two domains: Archaea and Bacteria.Domain Bacteria （pp. 302324）1. Bacteria are essential to life on Earth.The Proteobacteria （pp. 302312）1. Members of the phylum

9、Proteobacteria are gram-negative.2. Alphaproteobacteria include nitrogen-fixing bacteria, chemoautotrophs, and chemoheterotrophs.3. The betaproteobacteria include chemoautotrophs and chemoheterotrophs.4. Pseudomonadales, Legionellales, Vibrionales, Enterobacteriales, and Pasteurellales are classifie

10、d as gammaproteobacteria.5. Purple and green photosynthetic bacteria are photoautotrophs that use light energy and CO2 and do not produce O2.6. Myxococcus and Bdellovibrio in the deltaproteobacteria prey on other bacteria.7. Epsilonproteobacteria include Campylobacter and Helicobacter.The Nonproteob

11、acteria Gram-Negative Bacteria （pp. 313315）1. Several phyla of gram-negative bacteria are not related phylogenetically to the Proteobacteria.2. Cyanobacteria are photoautotrophs that use light energy and CO2 and do produce O2.3. Chemoheterotrophic examples are Planctomycetes, Chlamydiae, Spirochetes

12、, Bacteroidetes, and Fusobacteria.The Gram-Positive Bacteria （pp. 315324）1. In Bergeys Manual, gram-positive bacteria are divided into those that have low G + C ratio and those that have high G + C ratio.2. Low G + C gram-positive bacteria include common soil bacteria, the lactic acid bacteria, and

13、several human pathogens.3. High G + C gram-positive bacteria include mycobacteria, corynebacteria, and actinomycetes.Domain Archaea （p. 325）1. Extreme halophiles, extreme thermophiles, and methanogens are included in the archaea.Microbial Diversity （pp. 325326）1. Few of the total number of different

14、 prokaryotes have been isolated and identified.2. PCR can be used to uncover the presence of bacteria that cant be cultured in the laboratory.The LoopThe Study Questions do not ask students to recall characteristics of specific groups of bacteria. At Skyline College, this memorization is required du

15、ring a study of Part Four and appropriate laboratory work. At this point, students are shown how bacteria are classified and identified. Review question 1 provides a preliminary key for identification of unknowns in the laboratory and provides names and characteristics of the large groups of bacteri

16、a.AnswersThere is no single correct solution to the Check Your Understanding questions that ask for a dichotomous key. Here are some to get you started.1. Make a dichotomous key to distinguish among the alphaproteobacteria described in this chapter.2. Make a dichotomous key to distinguish among the

17、betaproteobacteria described in this chapter.3. Make a dichotomous key to distinguish among the orders of gammaproteobacteria described in this chapter.4. Make a dichotomous key to distinguish among the deltaproteobacteria described in this chapter.5. Make a dichotomous key to distinguish among the

18、epsilonproteobacteria described in this chapter.6. Make a dichotomous key to distinguish among the gram-negative nonproteobacteria described in this chapter.7. Make a dichotomous key to distinguish among the low G + C gram-positive bacteria described in this chapter.8. Make a dichotomous key to dist

19、inguish among the high G + C gram-positive bacteria described in this chapter.9. Make a dichotomous key to distinguish chlamydias, spirochetes, Cytophaga, Bacteroidetes, and Fusobacteria.Review1. a. Clostridium b. Bacillus c. Streptomyces d. Mycobacterium e. Streptococcus f. Staphylococcus g. Trepon

20、ema h. Spirillum i. Pseudomonas j. Escherichia k. Mycoplasma l. Rickettsia m. Chlamydia2. a. Both are oxygenic photoautotrophs. Cyanobacteria are prokaryotes; algae are eukaryotes.b. Both are chemoheterotrophs capable of forming mycelia; some form conidia. Actinomycetes are prokaryotes; fungi are eu

21、karyotes.c. Both are large rod-shaped bacteria. Bacillus forms endospores, Lactobacillus is a fermentative nonendospore-forming rod.d. Both are small rod-shaped bacteria. Pseudomonas has an oxidative metabolism; Escherichia is fermentative. Pseudomonas has polar flagella; Escherichia has peritrichou

22、s flagella.e. Both are helical bacteria. Leptospira （a spirochete） has an axial filament. Spirillum has flagella.f. Both are gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria. Escherichia are facultative anaerobes, and Bacteroides are anaerobes.g. Both are obligatory intracellular parasites. Rickettsia are transmi

23、tted by ticks; Chlamydia have a unique developmental cycle.h. Both lack peptidoglycan cell walls. Ureaplasma are archaea; Mycoplasma are bacteria （see Table 10.2）.3. There are many ways to draw a Key. Heres one example:Critical Thinking1. See Appendix F.a. Firmicutes, Actinobacteriab. Proteobacteria

24、, nonproteobacteria except Chlamydiac. Archaead. Mollicutes, Chlamydia2. Chromatium and Escherichia are both classified as Proteobacteria.3. a. Methanobacteriumb. Bacillusc. Lactobacillusd. PseudomonasClinical Applications1. Neisseria （meningitidis）2. Salmonella （enterica）3. Listeria （monocytogenes）

25、Case Study: Microtriviology* Philip A. Geis. “Microtriviology.” A series of eight articles published in SIM News.Students at Skyline College enjoy answering these trivia questions.Trivia?! Certainly not a proper description of the science of microbiology! However, facts that are not common knowledge

26、 within the community of microbiologists could be described as microtrivia. Microtriviology is the study of these lesser known facts; the pursuit of microtriviology is intended to inform and entertain. You may want to give students 10 to 20 of the following questions.Using your text, laboratory refe

27、rences, and the library, answer the following questions.1. What color are the colonies of Chromobacterium spp.?2. Which is larger in diameter, the “average” Chlamydia or the vaccinia virus?3. What is the general nature of the pigment characteristically produced by Bacteriodes melaninogenicus?4. Prio

28、r to 1992, Burkholderia bacteria were classified into what genus?5. When was the first edition of Bergeys Manual of Determinative Bacteriology published? What edition of Bergeys Manual of Determinative Bacteriology is currently in use?6. Who originally described the bacterium now known as Escherichi

29、a coli （Bacterium coli commune） and isolated its type species?7. What is the current classification of bacteria formerly termed members of the Bethesda-Ballerup group?8. Are the actinomycetes considered bacteria or fungi?9. After whom was the genus Erwinia named?10. How did Salmonella get its name?11. With what group of bacteria is Runyan associated?12. What bacterium fixes