文学知识Word格式文档下载.docx

文学知识Word格式文档下载.docx

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Theweary,waywornwandererbore

Tohisownnativeshore.

Becauseithasawideandpersistentappeal,andaddsmusicandemphasistoagroupofwords,alliterationisoftenusedinspeech,politicalslogansoradvertisingjingles.Inpoetry,alliterationcanbeagoodmusicaldevice.

Allusion（引喻）Apassingreferenceinaworkofliteraturetosomethingoutsideitself.Awritermayalludetolegends,historicalfactsorpersonages,tootherworksofliterature,oreventoautobiographicaldetails.Literaryallusionrequiresspecialexplanation.Somewritersincludeintheirownworkspassagesfromotherwritersinordertointroduceimplicitcontrastsorcomparisons.T.S.Eliot’sTheWasteLandisofthiskind.

Assonanceistherepetitionofsimilarvowelsoundssituatedinasentence,averselineoraseriesofwords.Forexample:

“asdeepasthesea”,“HeisallpineandIamappleorchard”（Frost）.

Ballads:

anonymousnarrativesongs,usuallywritteninfour-linestanzas,oftenrelatingtoadramaticevent.Manyancientballadsdealwithnationalheroes,warsandoutlaws.AfamousEnglishballadisRobinHood.

Bildungsroman（成长小说）isakindofnovelthatfollowsthedevelopmentoftheheroorheroinefromchildhoodoradolescenceintoadulthood,throughatroubledquestforidentity.ThetermcomesfromGermany.SomeProminentExamples：

LaurenceSterne'

sTristramShandy

CharlesDickens'

DavidCopperfield

GreatExpectations

MarkTwain'

sAdventuresofHuckleberryFinn

Blankverse（无韵诗）Unrhymediambicpentameter,alineconsistingoffivefeetofunstressedsyllables.Shakespeares’plays,Milton’sParadiseLostandWordsworth’sPreludearewritteninblankverse.ThefollowingisfromShakespeare’sAsYouLikeIt:

Alltheworld’sastage,

Andallthemenandwomenmerelyplayers:

Theyhavetheirexitsandtheirentrances

Canto（诗章）Adivisionofalongpoem,especiallyanepic.Dante’sDivineComedy,Byron’sDonJuanandEzraPound’sCantosarealldividedintothesechapter-lengthsections.

Cavalierpoets（骑士派诗人）EnglishlyricpoetsduringthereignofCharlesI.RichardLovelace,SirJohnSuckling,ThomasCarew,EdmundWallerandRobertHerrickaretherepresentativesofthisgroup.Cavalierpoetryismostlyconcernedwithlove,andemploysavarietyoflyricforms.

Characterization（人物刻画）isabouthowacharacterisrevealedordeveloped.Butregardlessofthemethodsbywhichacharacterispresented,theauthormayconcentrateonadominanttraittotheexclusionoftheotheraspectsofthecharacter’spersonality,ortheauthormayattempttopresentafullyroundedpersonality.Ifthepresentationofasingledominanttraitiscarriedtoanextreme,notabelievablecharacterbutacaricaturewillresult.Ifthismethodishandledwithskill,itcanproducetwodimensionalcharactersthatarestrikingandinterestingbutlackdepth.Ontheotherhand,theauthormaypresentuswithsoconvincingacongeriesofpersonalitytraitsthatacomplexratherthanasimplecharacteremerges;

suchacharacteristhree-dimensional,orround.圆形人物

Furthermore,acharactermaybeeitherstatic静态的ordynamic动态的.AStaticcharacterisonewhochangeslittleifatallintheprogressofthenarrative.Adynamiccharacterisonewhochangesasaresultofreactiontothehappenings.AndMostgreatdramasandnovelshavedynamiccharactersasprotagonists主人公.Shortstoriesaremorelikelytorevealstaticcharactersthroughactionthantoshowchangesincharactersresultingfromactions.

Conceit（奇思妙喻）Originallyitmeantsimplyathoughtoranopinion.Thetermcametobeusedinaderogatorywaytodescribeaparticularkindoffar-fetchedmetaphoricalassociation.Ithasnowlostthispejorativeovertoneandsimplydenotesaspecialsortoffigurativedevice.Thedistinguishingqualityofaconceitisthatitshouldforgeanunexpectedcomparisonbetweentwoapparentlydissimilarthingsorideas.TheclassicexampleisJohnDonne’sTheFleaandAValediction:

ForbiddingMourning.

Consonancetherepetitionofthefinalconsonancesbutwithdifferentprecedingvowels,e.g.heart/light,flag/plug.Unlikealliterationandassonance,consonancecanserveasendrhyme,asisshowninthefollowingstanza:

Thatnightwhenjoybegan,

Ournarrowestveinstoflush,

Wewaitedfortheflash

Ofmorning’sleveledgun.

Didacticpoetry（说教诗）Poetrydesignedtoteachorpreachasaprimarypurpose.

Elegy（挽诗）Apoemoflamentation,concentratingonthedeathofasingleperson,likeAlfredTennyson’sInMemoriam,ThomasGray’sElegyWritteninaCountryChurchyard,orW.B.Yeats’sInMemoryofMajorRobertGregory.

Epicisalongversenarrativeonaserioussubject,toldinaformalstyle,andcentredonaheroicfigurewhoseactionsdependonthefateofatribe,anationorthehumanrace.IliadandOdysseyoftheancientGreece,BeowulfoftheOldEnglishandParadiseLostbyJohnMiltonareamongthegreatepicsoftheworldmasterpiece.

Epiphany（顿悟）isusedinChristiantheologyforamanifestationofGod’spresenceintheworld.ItwastakenoverJamesJoycetodenotesecularrevelationintheeverydayworld,“asuddenspiritualmanifestation”inwhichthe“whatness”ofacommonobjectorgestureappearsradianttotheobserver.MuchofJoyce’sworkisbuiltaroundsuchspecialmomentsofsuddeninsight.

Epigram（警句诗）Apolished,terseandwittyremarkthatpacksgeneralizedknowledgeintoshortcompass.

EpistolaryNovel（书信体小说）isanovelwrittenintheformofaseriesoflettersexchangedamongthecharactersofthestory,withextractsfromtheirjournalssometimesincluded.ImportantexamplesincludeRichardson’sPamela（1740-1）andClarissa（1747-8）.

EssayaformofliteratureoriginatedfromtheFrenchphilosopherMontaigne,whofirstcalledhisshortprosepieces“Essais”in1580.Theessaysarefullofwisdom,andelegantlyphrased.Theyofferpeopleusefullandpracticaladvice,andencouragepeopletoplaymoreactiverolesinsociallife.Bacon’sessaysarecompactinstyle,clearinexpressionandprofoundinthoughts.

Fableisashortstory,usuallywithanimalsasitscharacters,whichillustrateamoral.Thefableisanancientform,datingbacktoancientGreekandRomantimesinwhichappearedagreattwoworld-famousfablewriters:

AesopandPhaedrus.

Foot（音步）basicmetricalorrhythmicalunitwithinalineofpoetry..

Freeverse（自由诗）Versereleasedfromtheconventionofmeter,withitsregularpatternofstressesandlinelength.

Expositionisthekindofwritingthatisintendedprimarilytopresentinformation.Itisamajorformofdiscourse.Althoughitisusedinfictionaswellasinnon-fiction,themostfamiliarformittakesisinessays.

Genre（文类）Atermusedtodesignateatypeofliteratureaccordingtoitssubjectmatterandhowthesubjectistreated.

GothicNovel（哥特小说）Emergedandflourishedinthelastdecadesofthe17thcentury.ThetermGothicderivedfromthefrequentsettingofthetalesintheruied,moss-coveredcastlesoftheMiddleAges.So,asaliterarygenre,itcombineselementsofbothhorrorandromance.

Prominentfeatures:

terror,mystery,thesupernatural,ghost,decay,madness

Rebellagainsttheincreasingcommercialismandrationalism;

toshowthedark,irrationalsideofhumannature

Graveyardpoetry（墓园派诗）isappliedtoaminorbutinfluential18th-centurytraditionofmeditativepoemsonmortalityandimmortality,oftensetingraveyards.Theso-called“graveyardschool”ofpoetsinEnglandandScotlandwasnotinfactanorganizedgroup.ThebestknownexampleisThomasGray’s“ElegyWritteninaCountryChurchyard”（1751）.ThepoemhadmanyimitatorsinEurope,andconstituteasignificantcurrentofpreromanticism.

Haiku（俳句）AJapaneselyricformdatingfromthe13thcenturywhichconsistsofseventeensyllablesusedinthreelines:

5/7/5.Several20thcenturyEnglishandAmericanpoetshaveexperimentedwiththeform,includingEzraPound.

HeroicCouplet（英雄双韵体）Englishheroicverse,iambicpentameters,rhyminginpairs,aabbccetc.ItwasafamiliarverseformfromChaucer’stimeonwards,andusedbytheElizabethans.Throughoutthe18thcenturytheheroiccouplet,asperfectedbyPope,wasastandardmeasureforallformsofpoetry;

andthereactionofWordsworthandColeridgeinlyricalballadswaspartlyagainstitsdominance.

Iambicpentameter（五音步抑扬格）Alineoffiveiambicfeet.ItisthemostpervasivemetricalpatternfoundinverseinEnglish.

Image,imagery（意象）Acriticalwordwithseveraldifferentapplications.Initsnarrowestsensean‘image’isaword-picture,adescriptionofsomevisiblesceneorobject.Morecommonly,however,‘imagery’referstofigurativelanguageinapieceofliterature;

orallthewordswhichrefertoobjectsandqualitieswhichappealtothesensesandfeelings.

Irony（反讽）alwaysinvolvesac