胡壮麟《语言学教程》课后答案文档格式.docx

胡壮麟《语言学教程》课后答案文档格式.docx

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akindofdescriptionwhichtakesafixedinstant（usually,butnotnecessarily,thepresent）,asitspointofobservation.Mostgrammarsareofthiskind.

6. 

diachronic:

studyofalanguageiscarriedthroughthecourseofitshistory.

7. 

prescriptive:

thestudyofalanguageiscarriedthroughthecourseofitshistory.

8. 

akindoflinguisticstudyinwhichthingsareprescribedhowoughttobe,i.e.layingdownrulesforlanguageuse.

9. 

descriptive:

akindoflinguisticstudyinwhichthingsarejustdescribed.

10. 

arbitrariness:

onedesignfeatureofhumanlanguage,whichreferstothefacethattheformsoflinguisticsignsbearnonaturalrelationshiptotheirmeaning.

11. 

duality:

onedesignfeatureofhumanlanguage,whichreferstothepropertyofhavingtwolevelsofarecomposedofelementsofthesecondary.levelandeachofthetwolevelshasitsownprinciplesoforganization.

12. 

displacement:

onedesignfeatureofhumanlanguage,whichmeanshumanlanguageenabletheiruserstosymbolizeobjects,eventsandconceptswhicharenotpresentcintimeandspace,atthemomentofcommunication.

13. 

phaticcommunion:

onefunctionofhumanlanguage,whichreferstothesocialinteractionoflanguage.

14. 

metalanguage:

certainkindsoflinguisticsignsortermsfortheanalysisanddescriptionofparticularstudies.

15. 

macrolinguistics:

theinteractingstudybetweenlanguageandlanguage-relateddisciplinessuchaspsychology,sociology,ethnograph,scienceoflawandartificialintelligenceetc.Branchesofmacrolinguisticsincludepsycholinguistics,sociolinguistics, 

anthropologicallinguistics,et

16. 

competence:

languageuser’sunderlyingknowledgeaboutthesystemofrules.

17. 

performance:

theactualuseoflanguageinconcretesituation.

18. 

langue:

thelinguisticcompetenceofthespeaker.

19. 

parole:

theactualphenomenaordataoflinguistics（utterances）.

Chapter2

20． 

Articulatoryphonetics:

thestudyofproductionofspeechsounds.

21． 

Coarticulation:

akindofphoneticprocessinwhichsimultaneousoroverlappingarticulationsareinvolved..Coarticulationcanbefurtherdividedintoanticipatorycoarticulationandperseverativecoarticulation.

22． 

Voicing:

pronouncingasound（usuallyavoweloravoicedconsonant）byvibratingthevocalcords.

23． 

Broadandnarrowtranscription:

theuseofasimplesetofsymbolsintranscriptioniscalledbroadtranscription;

theuseofasimplesetofsymbolsintranscriptioniscalledbroadtranscription;

while,theuseofmorespecificsymbolstoshowmorephoneticdetailisreferredtoasnarrowtranscription.

24． 

Consonant:

aresoundsegmentsproducedbyconstrictingorobstructingthevocaltractatsomeplacetodivert,impede,orcompletelyshutofftheflowofairintheoralcavity.

25． 

Phoneme:

theabstractelementofsound,identifiedasbeingdistinctiveinaparticularlanguage.

26． 

Allophone:

anyofthedifferentformsofaphoneme（eg.<

th>

isanallophoneof/t/inEnglish.When/t/occursinwordslikestep,itisunaspirated<

t>

.Both<

and<

areallophonesofthephoneme/t/.

27． 

Vowl:

aresoundsegmentsproducedwithoutsuchobstruction,sonoturbulenceofatotalstoppingoftheaircanbeperceived.

28． 

Mannerofarticulation;

intheproductionofconsonants,mannerofarticulationreferstotheactualrelatiogogothewayinwhichtheairpassesthroughcertainpartsofthevocaltract.

29． 

Placeofarticulation:

intheproductionofconsonants,placeofarticulationreferstowhereinthevocaltractthereisapproximation,narrowing,ortheobstructionofair.

30． 

Distinctivefeatures:

atermofphonology,i.e.apropertywhichdistinguishesonephonemefromanother.

31． 

Complementarydistribution:

therelationbetweentowspeechsoundsthatneveroccurinthesameenvironment.Allophonesofthesamephonemeareusuallyincomplementarydistribution.

32． 

IPA:

theabbreviationofInternationalPhoneticAlphabet,whichisdevisedbytheInternationalPhoneticAssociationin1888thenithasundergonganumberofrevisions.IPAisacomprisedsystememployingsymbolsofallsources,suchasRomansmallletters,italicsuprighted,obsoleteletters,Greekletters,diacritics,etc.

33． 

Suprasegmental:

suprasegmentalfeaturesarethoseaspectsofspeechthatinvolvemorethansinglesoundsegments.Theprincipalsupra-segmentalfeaturesaresyllable,stress,tone,,andintonation.

34． 

aspectsofspeechthatinvolvemorethansinglesoundsegments.Theprinciplesuprasegmentalfeaturesaresyllable,stress,tone,andintonation.

35. 

morpheme:

thesmallestunitoflanguageintermsofrelationshipbetweenexpressionandcontent,aunitthatcannotbedividedintofurthersmallunitswithoutdestroyingordrasticallyalteringthemeaning,whetheritislexicalorgrammatical.

36. 

compoundolymorphemicwordswhichconsistwhollyoffreemorphemes,suchasclassroom,blackboard,snowwhite,etc.

37. 

inflection:

themanifestationofgrammaticalrelationshipthroughtheadditionofinflectionalaffixes,suchasnumber,person,finiteness,aspectandcase,whichdonotchagogotemstowhichtheyareattached.

38. 

affix:

thecollectivetermforthetypeofformativethatcanbeusedonlywhenaddedtoanothermorpheme（therootorstem）.

39. 

derivation:

differentfromcompounds,derivationshowstherelationbetweenrootsandaffixes.

40. 

root:

thebasefromofawordthatcannotfurtherbeanalyzedwithouttotallassofidentity.

41. 

allomorph:

;

anyofthedifferentformofamorpheme.Forexample,inEnglishthepluralmorthemeisbutitispronounceddifferentlyindifferentenvironmentsas/s/incats,as/z/indogsandas/iz/inclasses.So/s/,/z/,and/iz/areallallomorphsofthepluralmorpheme.

42. 

Stem:

anymorphemeorcombinationofmorphemestowhichaninflectionalaffixcanbeadded.

43. 

boundmorpheme:

anelementofmeaningwhichisstructurallydependentontheworlditisaddedto,e.g.thepluralmorphemein“dog’s”.

44. 

freemorpheme:

anelementofmeaningwhichtakestheformofanindependentword.

45. 

lexeme:

Aseparateunitofmeaning,usuallyintheformofaword（e.g.”doginthemanger”）

46. 

lexicon:

alistofallthewordsinalanguageassignedtovariouslexicalcategoriesandprovidedwithsemanticinterpretation.

47. 

grammaticalword:

wordexpressinggrammaticalmeanings,suchconjunction,prepositions,articlesandpronouns.

48. 

lexicalword:

wordhavinglexicalmeanings,thatis,thosewhichrefertosubstance,actionandquality,suchasnouns,verbs,adjectives,andverbs.

49. 

open-class:

awordwhosemembershipisinprincipleinfiniteorunlimited,suchasnouns,verbs,adjectives,andmanyadverbs.

50. 

blending:

arelativelycomplexformofcompounding,inwhichtwowordsareblendedbyjoiningtheinitialpartofthefirstwordandthefinalpartofthesecondword,orbyjoiningtheinitialpartsofthetwowords.

51. 

loanvoord:

aprocessinwhichbothformandmeaningareborrowedwithonlyaslightadaptation,insomecases,toehphonologicalsystemofthenewlanguagethattheyenter.

52. 

loanblend:

aprocessinwhichpartoftheformisnativeandpartisborrowed,butthemeaningisfullyborrowed.

53. 

leanshift:

aprocessinwhichthemeaningisborrowed,buttheformisnative.

54. 

acronym:

ismadeupformthefirstlettersofthenameofanorganization,whichhasaheavilymodifiedheadword.

55. 

loss:

thedisappearanceoftheverysoundasamorphemeinthephonological

system.

56. 

back-formation:

anabnormaltypeofword-formationwhereashorterwordisderivedbydeletinganimaginedaffixfromalongformalreadyinthelanguage.

57. 

assimilation:

thechangeofasoundasaresultoftheinfluenceofanadjacentsound,whichismorespecificallycalled.”contact”or”contiguous”assimilation.

58. 

dissimilation:

theinfluenceexercised.Byonesoundsegmentuponthearticulationofanother,sothatthesoundsbecomelessalike,ordifferent.

59. 

folketymology:

achangeinformofawordorphrase,resultingfromanincorrectpopularnationoftheoriginormeaningofthetermorfromtheinfluenceofmorefamiliartermsmistakenlytakentobeanalogous

60. 

category:

partsofspeechandfunction,suchastheclassificationofwordsintermsofpartsofspeech,theidentificati