胡壮麟《语言学教程》课后答案文档格式.docx

1、 a kind of description which takes a fixed instant（usually,but not necessarily,the present）,as its point of observation.Most grammars are of this kind.6.diachronic:study of a language is carried through the course of its history.7.prescriptive: the study of a language is carried through the course o

2、f its history.8. a kind of linguistic study in which things are prescribed how ought to be,i.e.laying down rules for language use.9.descriptive: a kind of linguistic study in which things are just described.10.arbitrariness: one design feature of human language,which refers to the face that the form

3、s of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning.11.duality: one design feature of human language,which refers to the property of having two levels of are composed of elements of the secondary.level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization.12.displacement:

4、 one design feature of human language,which means human language enable their users to symbolize objects,events and concepts which are not present c in time and space,at the moment of communication.13.phatic communion: one function of human language,which refers to the social interaction of language

5、.14.metalanguage: certain kinds of linguistic signs or terms for the analysis and description of particular studies.15.macrolinguistics: the interacting study between language and language-related disciplines such as psychology, sociology, ethnograph, science of law and artificial intelligence etc.B

6、ranches of macrolinguistics include psycholinguistics,sociolinguistics, anthropological linguistics,petence: language users underlying knowledge about the system of rules.17.performance: the actual use of language in concrete situation.18.langue: the linguistic competence of the speaker.19.parole: t

7、he actual phenomena or data of linguistics（utterances）.Chapter 220Articulatory phonetics: the study of production of speechsounds.21Coarticulation: a kind of phonetic process in which simultaneous or overlapping articulations are involved.Coarticulation can be further divided into anticipatory coart

8、iculation and perseverative coarticulation.22Voicing: pronouncing a sound （usually a vowel or a voiced consonant） by vibrating the vocal cords.23Broad and narrow transcription: the use of a simple set of symbols in transcription is called broad transcription;the use of a simple set of symbols in tra

9、nscription is called broad transcription;while,the use of more specific symbols to show more phonetic detail is referred to as narrow transcription.24Consonant: are sound segments produced by constricting or obstructing the vocal tract at some place to divert,impede,or completely shut off the flow o

10、f air in the oral cavity.25Phoneme: the abstract element of sound, identified as being distinctive in a particular language.26Allophone:any of the different forms of a phoneme（eg.is an allophone of /t/in English.When /t/occurs in words like step,it is unaspirated.Bothand are allophones of the phonem

11、e/t/.27Vowl:are sound segments produced without such obstruction,so no turbulence of a total stopping of the air can be perceived.28Manner of articulation; in the production of consonants,manner of articulation refers to the actual relatiogogo the way in which the air passes through certain parts of

12、 the vocal tract.29Place of articulation: in the production of consonants,place of articulation refers to where in the vocal tract there is approximation,narrowing,or the obstruction of air.30Distinctive features: a term of phonology,i.e.a property which distinguishes one phoneme from another.31Comp

13、lementary distribution: the relation between tow speech sounds that never occur in the same environment.Allophones of the same phoneme are usually in complementary distribution.32IPA: the abbreviation of International Phonetic Alphabet,which is devised by the International Phonetic Association in 18

14、88 then it has undergong a number of revisions.IPA is a comprised system employing symbols of all sources,such as Roman small letters,italics uprighted,obsolete letters,Greek letters,diacritics,etc.33Suprasegmental:suprasegmental featuresare those aspects of speech that involve more than single soun

15、d segments.The principal supra-segmental features aresyllable,stress,tone,and intonation.34aspects of speech that involve more than single sound segments.The principle suprasegmental features are syllable,stress,tone,and intonation.35.morpheme:the smallest unit of language in terms of relationship b

16、etween expression and content,a unit that cannot be divided into further small units without destroying or drastically altering the meaning,whether it is lexical or pound oly morphemic words which consist wholly of free morphemes,such as classroom,blackboard,snowwhite,etc.37.inflection: the manifest

17、ation of grammatical relationship through the addition of inflectional affixes,such as number,person,finiteness,aspect and case,which do not chagogotems to which they are attached.38.affix: the collective term for the type of formative that can be used only when added to another morpheme（the root or

18、 stem）.39.derivation: different from compounds,derivation shows the relation between roots and affixes.40.root: the base from of a word that cannot further be analyzed without total lass of identity.41.allomorph:; any of the different form of a morpheme.For example,in English the plural mortheme is

19、but it is pronounced differently in different environments as/s/in cats,as/z/ in dogs and as/iz/ in classes.So/s/,/z/,and /iz/ are all allomorphs of the plural morpheme.42.Stem: any morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an inflectional affix can be added.43.bound morpheme: an element of mean

20、ing which is structurally dependent on the world it is added to,e.g. the plural morpheme in “dogs”.44.free morpheme: an element of meaning which takes the form of an independent word.45.lexeme:A separate unit of meaning,usually in the form of a word（e.g.”dog in the manger”）46.lexicon: a list of all

21、the words in a language assigned to various lexical categories and provided with semantic interpretation.47.grammatical word: word expressing grammatical meanings,such conjunction,prepositions,articles and pronouns.48.lexical word: word having lexical meanings,that is ,those which refer to substance

22、,action and quality,such as nouns,verbs,adjectives,and verbs.49.open-class: a word whose membership is in principle infinite or unlimited,such as nouns,verbs,adjectives,and many adverbs.50.blending: a relatively complex form of compounding,in which two words are blended by joining the initial part o

23、f the first word and the final part of the second word,or by joining the initial parts of the two words.51.loanvoord: a process in which both form and meaning are borrowed with only a slight adaptation,in some cases,to eh phonological system of the new language that they enter.52.loanblend: a proces

24、s in which part of the form is native and part is borrowed, but the meaning is fully borrowed.53.leanshift: a process in which the meaning is borrowed,but the form is native.54.acronym: is made up form the first letters of the name of an organization,which has a heavily modified headword.55.loss: th

25、e disappearance of the very sound as a morpheme in the phonological system.56.back-formation: an abnormal type of word-formation where a shorter word is derived by deleting an imagined affix from a long form already in the language.57.assimilation: the change of a sound as a result of the influence

26、of an adjacent sound,which is more specifically called.”contact”or”contiguous”assimilation.58.dissimilation: the influence exercised.By one sound segment upon the articulation of another, so that the sounds become less alike,or different.59.folk etymology: a change in form of a word or phrase,resulting from an incorrect popular nation of the origin or meaning of the term or from the influence of more familiar terms mistakenly taken to be analogous60.category:parts of speech and function,such as the classification of words in terms of parts of speech,the identificati