TED英语演讲稿我们为什么要睡觉Word下载.docx
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sthesoundofthealarmclock.Andwhatthattrulyghastly,awfulsounddoesisstopthesinglemostimportantbehavioralexperiencethatwehave,andthat'
ssleep.Ifyou'
reanaveragesortofperson,36percentofyourlifewillbespentasleep,whichmeansthatifyouliveto90,then32yearswillhavebeenspententirelyasleep.
Nowwhatthat32yearsistellingusisthatsleepatsomelevelisimportant.Andyet,formostofus,wedon'
tgivesleepasecondthought.Wethrowitaway.Wereallyjustdon'
tthinkaboutsleep.AndsowhatI'
dliketodotodayischangeyourviews,changeyourideasandyourthoughtsaboutsleep.AndthejourneythatIwanttotakeyouon,weneedtostartbygoingbackintime.
"
Enjoythehoney-heavydewofslumber."
Anyideaswhosaidthat?
Shakespeare'
sJuliusCaesar.Yes,letmegiveyouafewmorequotes."
Osleep,Ogentlesleep,nature'
ssoftnurse,howhaveIfrightedthee?
"
Shakespeareagain,from--Iwon'
tsayit--theScottishplay.[Correction:
HenryIV,part2](Laughter)Fromthesametime:
"
Sleepisthegoldenchainthattieshealthandourbodiestogether."
Extremelyprophetic,byThomasDekker,anotherElizabethandramatist.
Butifwejumpforward400years,thetoneaboutsleepchangessomewhat.ThisisfromThomasEdison,fromthebeginningofthe20thcentury."
Sleepisacriminalwasteoftimeandaheritagefromourcavedays."
Bang.(Laughter)Andifwealsojumpintothe1980s,someofyoumayrememberthatMargaretThatcherwasreportedtohavesaid,"
Sleepisforwimps."
Andofcoursetheinfamous--whatwashisname?
--theinfamousGordonGekkofrom"
WallStreet"
said,"
Moneyneversleeps."
Whatdowedointhe20thcenturyaboutsleep?
Well,ofcourse,weuseThomasEdison'
slightbulbtoinvadethenight,andweoccupiedthedark,andintheprocessofthisoccupation,we'
vetreatedsleepasanillness,almost.We'
vetreateditasanenemy.Atmostnow,Isuppose,wetoleratetheneedforsleep,andatworstperhapsmanyofusthinkofsleepasanillnessthatneedssomesortofacure.Andourignoranceaboutsleepisreallyquiteprofound.
Whyisit?
Whydoweabandonsleepinourthoughts?
Well,it'
sbecauseyoudon'
tdoanythingmuchwhileyou'
reasleep,itseems.Youdon'
teat.Youdon'
tdrink.Andyoudon'
thavesex.Well,mostofusanyway.Andsothereforeit'
s--Sorry.It'
sacompletewasteoftime,right?
Wrong.Actually,sleepisanincrediblyimportantpartofourbiology,andneuroscientistsarebeginningtoexplainwhyit'
ssoveryimportant.Solet'
smovetothebrain.
Now,herewehaveabrain.Thisisdonatedbyasocialscientist,andtheysaidtheydidn'
tknowwhatitwas,orindeedhowtouseit,so--(Laughter)Sorry.SoIborrowedit.Idon'
tthinktheynoticed.Okay.(Laughter)
ThepointI'
mtryingtomakeisthatwhenyou'
reasleep,thisthingdoesn'
tshutdown.Infact,someareasofthebrainareactuallymoreactiveduringthesleepstatethanduringthewakestate.Theotherthingthat'
sreallyimportantaboutsleepisthatitdoesn'
tarisefromasinglestructurewithinthebrain,butistosomeextentanetworkproperty,andifweflipthebrainonitsback--Ilovethislittlebitofspinalcordhere--thisbithereisthehypothalamus,andrightunderthereisawholeraftofinterestingstructures,notleastthebiologicalclock.Thebiologicalclocktellsuswhenit'
sgoodtobeup,whenit'
sgoodtobeasleep,andwhatthatstructuredoesisinteractwithawholeraftofotherareaswithinthehypothalamus,thelateralhypothalamus,theventrolateralpreopticnuclei.Allofthosecombine,andtheysendprojectionsdowntothebrainstemhere.Thebrainstemthenprojectsforwardandbathesthecortex,thiswonderfullywrinklybitoverhere,withneurotransmittersthatkeepusawakeandessentiallyprovideuswithourconsciousness.Sosleeparisesfromawholeraftofdifferentinteractionswithinthebrain,andessentially,sleepisturnedonandoffasaresultofarangeof
Okay.Sowherehavewegotto?
We'
vesaidthatsleepiscomplicatedandittakes32yearsofourlife.ButwhatIhaven'
texplainediswhatsleepisabout.Sowhydowesleep?
Anditwon'
tsurpriseanyofyouthat,ofcourse,thescientists,wedon'
thaveaconsensus.Therearedozensofdifferentideasaboutwhywesleep,andI'
mgoingtooutlinethreeofthose.
Thefirstissortoftherestorationidea,andit'
ssomewhatintuitive.Essentially,allthestuffwe'
veburnedupduringtheday,werestore,wereplace,werebuildduringthenight.Andindeed,asanexplanation,itgoesbacktoAristotle,sothat'
s,what,2,300yearsago.It'
sgoneinandoutoffashion.It'
sfashionableatthemomentbecausewhat'
sbeenshownisthatwithinthebrain,awholeraftofgeneshavebeenshowntobeturnedononlyduringsleep,andthosegenesareassociatedwithrestorationandmetabolicpathways.Sothere'
sgoodevidenceforthewholerestorationhypothesis.
Whataboutenergyconservation?
Again,perhapsintuitive.Youessentiallysleeptosavecalories.Now,whenyoudothesums,though,itdoesn'
treallypanout.Ifyoucompareanindividualwhohassleptatnight,orstayedawakeandhasn'
tmovedverymuch,theenergysavingofsleepingisabout110caloriesanight.Now,that'
stheequivalentofahotdogbun.Now,Iwouldsaythatahotdogbuniskindofameagerreturnforsuchacomplicatedanddemandingbehaviorassleep.SoI'
mlessconvincedbytheenergyconservationidea.
ButthethirdideaI'
mquiteattractedto,whichisbrainprocessingandmemoryconsolidation.Whatweknowisthat,ifafteryou'
vetriedtolearnatask,andyousleep-depriveindividuals,theabilitytolearnthattaskissmashed.It'
sreallyhugelyattenuated.Sosleepandmemoryconsolidationisalsoveryimportant.However,it'
snotjustthelayingdownofmemoryandrecallingit.What'
sturnedouttobereallyexcitingisthatourabilitytocomeupwithnovelsolutionstocomplexproblemsishugelyenhancedbyanightofsleep.Infact,it'
sbeenestimatedtogiveusathreefoldadvantage.Sleepingatnightenhancesourcreativity.Andwhatseemstobegoingonisthat,inthebrain,thoseneuralconnectionsthatareimportant,thosesynapticconnectionsthatareimportant,arelinkedandstrengthened,whilethosethatarelessimportanttendtofadeawayandbelessimportant.
Okay.Sowe'
vehadthreeexplanationsforwhywemightsleep,andIthinktheimportantthingtorealizeisthatthedetailswillvary,andit'
sprobablewesleepformultipledifferentreasons.Butsleepisnotanindulgence.It'
snotsomesortofthingthatwecantakeonboardrathercasually.Ithinkthatsleepwasoncelikenedtoanupgradefromeconomytobusinessclass,youknow,theequiavlentof.It'
snotevenanupgradefromeconomytofirstclass.Thecriticalthingtorealizeisthatifyoudon'
tsleep,youdon'
tfly.Essentially,younevergetthere,andwhat'
sextraordinaryaboutmuchofoursocietythesedaysisthatwearedesperatelysleep-deprived.
Solet'
snowlookatsleepdeprivation.Hugesectorsofsocietyaresleep-deprived,andlet'
slookatoursleep-o-meter.Sointhe1950s,gooddatasuggeststhatmostofusweregettingaroundabouteighthoursofsleepanight.Nowadays,wesleeponeandahalftotwohourslesseverynight,sowe'
reinthesix-and-a-half-hours-every-nightleague.Forteenagers,it'
sworse,muchworse.Theyneedninehoursforfullbrainperformance,andmanyofthem,onaschoolnight,areonlygettingfivehoursofsleep.It'
ssimplynotenough.Ifwethinkaboutothersectorsofsociety,theaged,ifyouareaged,thenyourabilitytosleepinasingleblockissomewhatdisrupted,andmanysleep,again,lessthanfivehoursanight.Shiftwork.Shiftworkisextraordinary,perhaps20percentoftheworkingpopulation,andthebodyclockdoesnotshifttothedemandsofworkingatnight.It'
slockedontothesamelight-darkcycleastherestofus.Sowhenthepooroldshiftworkerisgoinghometotryandsleepduringtheday,desperatelytired,thebodyclockissaying,"
Wakeup.Thisisthetimetobeawake."
Sothequalityofsleepthatyougetasanightshiftworkerisusuallyverypoor,againinthatsortoffive-hourregion.Andthen,ofcourse,tensofmillionsofpeoplesufferfromjetlag.Sowhoherehasjetlag?
Well,mygoodnessgracious.Well,thankyouverymuchindeedfornotfallingasleep,becausethat'
swhatyourbrainiscraving.
Oneofthethingsthatthebraindoesisindulgeinmicro-sleeps,thisinvoluntaryfallingasleep,andyouhaveessentiallynocontroloverit.Now,micro-sleepscanbesortofsomewhatembarrassing,buttheycanalsobedeadly.It'
sbeenestimatedthat31percentofdriverswillfallasleepatthewheelatleastonceintheirlife,andintheU.S.,thestatisticsareprettygood:
100,000accidentsonthefreewayhavebeenassociatedwithtiredness,lossofvigilance,andfallingasleep.Ahundredthousandayear.It'
sextraordinary.Atanotherlevelofterror,wedipintothetragicaccidentsatChernobylandindeedthespaceshuttleChallenger,whichwassotragicallylost.Andintheinvestigationsthatfollowedthosedisasters,poorjudgmentasaresultofextendedshiftworkandlossofvigilanceandtirednesswasattributedtoabigchunkofthosedisasters.
Sowhenyou'
retired,andyoulacksleep,youhavepoormemory,