大学英语六级考试真题和答案第三套Word文件下载.docx
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Today,theindustryisgoingthroughanewrevolution—thistimetransformingservicequality.Onlineratingplatforms—38____inhotels,restaurants,apartments,andtaxis—allowtravelerstoexchangereviewsandexperiencesforalltosee.
Hospitalitybusinessesarenowranked,analyzed,andcomparednotbyindustry39____,butbytheverypeopleforwhomtheserviceisintended—thecustomer.Thishas40____anewrelationshipbetweenbuyerandseller.Customershavealwaysvotedwiththeirfeet;
theycannowexplaintheirdecisiontoanyonewhoisinterested.Asaresult,businessesaremuchmore41____,ofteninveryspecificways,whichcreatespowerful42____toimproveservice.
Althoughsomereadersmightnotcareforgossipyreportsofunfriendlybellboys(行李员)inBerlinormalfunctioninghotelhairdryersinHouston,thetruepowerofonlinereviewsliesnotjustintheindividualstories,butinthewebsites'
43____toaggregatealargevolumeofratings.
Theimpactcannotbe44____.Businessesthatattracttopratingscanenjoyrapidgrowth,asnewcustomersareattractedbygoodreviewsand45____provideyetmorepositivefeedback.Sogreatistheinfluenceofonlineratingsthatmanycompaniesnowhiredigitalreputationmanagerstoensureafavorableonlineidentity.
A)accountableB)capacityC)controlledD)entail
E)forgedF)incentivesG)occasionallyH)overstated
I)persistingJ)pessimisticK)professionalsL)slash
M)specializingN)spectatorsO)subsequently
SectionB
PlasticSurgery
Abettercreditcardisthesolutiontoeverlargerhackattacks
[A]Athinmagneticstripe(magstripe)isallthatstandsbetweenyourcredit-cardinformationandthebadguys.Andthey'
vebeenworkinghardtobreakin.That'
swhy2014isshapingupasamajorshowdown:
banks,lawenforcementandtechnologycompaniesarealltryingtostopanetworkofhackerswhoaresucceedinginstealingaccountnumbers,names,emailaddressesandothercrucialdatausedinidentitytheft.Morethan100millionaccountsatTarget,NeimanMarcusandMichaelsstoreswereaffectedinsomewayduringthemostrecentattacks,startinglastNovember.
[B]Swipe(刷卡)istheoperativeword:
cardsareincreasinglyvulnerabletoattackswhenyoumakepurchasesinastore.Inseveralrecentincidents,hackershavebeenabletoobtainmassiveinformationofcredit-,debit-(借记)orprepaid-cardnumbersusingmalware,i.e.malicioussoftware,insertedsecretlyintotheretailers'
point-of-salesystem—thecheckoutregisters.Hackersthensoldthedatatoasecondgroupofcriminalsoperatinginshadowycomersoftheweb.Notlongafter,thestolendatawasshowinguponfakecardsandbeingusedforonlinepurchases.
[C]Thesolutioncouldcostaslittleas$2extraforeverypieceofplasticissued.ThefixisasecuritytechnologyusedheavilyoutsidetheU.S.WhileAmericancreditcardsusethe40-year-oldmagstripetechnologytoprocesstransactions,muchoftherestoftheworldusessmartercardswithatechnologycalledEMV(shortforEuropay,MasterCard,Visa)thatemploysachipembeddedinthecardplusacustomerPIN(personalidentificationnumber)toauthenticate(验证)everytransactiononthespot.IfapurchaserfailstopunchinthecorrectPINatthecheckout,thetransactiongetsrejected.(Onlinepurchasescanbemadebysettingupaseparatetransactioncode.)
[D]Whyhaven'
tbigbanksadoptedthemoresecuretechnology?
Whenitcomestomailingoutnewcreditcards,it'
sallaboutrelativecosts,saysDavidRobertson,whorunstheNihonReport,anindustrynewsletter:
"
Thecostofthecard,puttingthestickeronit,codingtheaccountnumberandexpirationdate,embossing(凸印)it,thesmallenvelop—allputtogether,youareinthedollarrange."
Achip-and-PINcardcurrentlycostscloserto$3,saysRobertson,becauseofthepriceofchips.(Oncelargeissuersconverttogether,thechipcostsshoulddrop.)
[E]Multiply$3bythemorethan5billionmagstripecreditandprepaidcardsincirculationintheU.S.Thenconsiderthatthere'
sanestimated$12.4billionincardfraudonaglobalbasis'
saysRobertson.With44%ofthatintheU.S.,Americancredit-cardfraudamountstoabout$5.5billionannually.CardissuershavesofarcalculatedthatabsorbingtheliabilityforevenbighacksliketheTargetoneisstillcheaperthanreplacingallthatplastic.
[F]ThatleavesAmericanretailersprettymuchalonetheworldoverinrelyingonmagstripetechnologytochargepurchases—andleavesconsumersvulnerable.Eachmagstripehasthreetracksofinformation,explainspaymentssecurityexpertJeremyGumbley,thechieftechnologyofficerofCreditCall,anelectronic-paymentscompany.Thefirstandthirdareusedbythebankorcardissuer.Yourvitalaccountinformationlivesonthesecondtrack,whichhackerstrytocapture."
Malwareisscanningthroughthememoryinrealtimeandlookingfordata,"
hesays."
Itcreatesatextfilethatgetsstolen."
[G]Chip-and-PINcards,bycontrast,makefakecardsorskimmingimpossiblebecausetheinformationthatgetsscannedisencrypted(加密).ThehistoricalreasontheU.S.hasstuckwithmagstripe,ironicallyenough,isoncesuperiortechnology.Ourcheap,ultra-reliablewirednetworksmadecredit-cardauthenticationoverthephonefrictionless.InFrance,cardcompaniescreatedEMVinpartbecausethetelephonemonopolywassomaddeninglyinefficientandexpensive.TheEMVsolutionallowedtransactionstobeverifiedlocallyandsecurely.
[H]Somebigbanks,likeWellsFargo,arenowofferingtoconvertyourmagstripecardtoachip-and-PINmodel.(It'
sactuallyahybrid(混合体)thatwillstillhaveamagstripe,sincemostU.S.merchantsdon'
thaveEMVterminals.)Shouldyoutakethemuponit?
Ifyoutravelinternationally,theanswerisyes.
[I]Keepinmind,too,thatcreditcardstypicallyhavebetterliabilityprotectionthandebitcards.Ifsomeoneusesyourcreditcardfraudulently(欺诈性地)it'
stheissuerormerchant,notyou,thattakesthehit.Debitcardshavedifferentliabilitylimitsdependingonthebankandtheeventssurroundinganyfraud."
Ifit'
savailable,thelogicalthingistogetachip-and-PINcardfromyourbank,"
saysEricAdamowsky,aco-founderofCreditCardI."
Iwouldusecreditcardsoverdebitcardsbecauseofliabilityissues."
Cashstillworksprettywelltoo.
[J]Retailersandbanksstandtobenefitfromthelowerfraudlevelsofchip-and-PINcardsbuthavebeenreluctantforyearstoinvestinthenewinfrastructure(基础设施)neededforthetechnology,especiallyifconsumersdon'
thaveaccesstoit.It'
sachicken-and-eggproblem;
noonewantstospendthemoneyonupgradedpoint-of-salesystemsthatcanreadthechipcardsifshoppersaren'
tcarryingthem一yetthere'
slittlepointinconsumers'
carryingthefancyplasticifstoresaren'
tequippedtousethem.(AnearliereffortbyTargettomovetochipandPINnevergainedprogress.)AccordingtoGumbley,there'
sa"
you-firstmentality.Thelogjam(僵局)hastobebroken."
[K]JPMorganChaseCEOJamieDimonrecentlyexpressedhiswillingnesstodoso,notingthatbanksandmerchantshavespentthepastdecadesuingeachotheroverinterchangefees—thepercentageofthetransactionpricetheykeep-ratherthandealwiththegrowinghackingproblem.Chaseoffersachip-enabledcardunderitsownbrandandseveralothersfortravel-relatedcompaniessuchasBritishAirwaysandRitz-Carlton.
[L]TheTargetandNeimanhackshavealsochangedthecostcalculation:
althoughretailershavebeenreluctanttospendthe$6.75billionthatCapgeminiconsultantsestimateitwilltaketoconvertalltheirregisterstobechip-and-PIN-compatible,thepotentialliabilitytheynowfaceisdramaticallygreater.Targethasbeenhitwithclassactionsfromhackedconsumers."
It'
stheultimatenightmare,"
aretailexecutivefromawell-knownchainadmittedtoTIME.
[M]Thecard-paymentcompaniesMasterCardandVisaarepushinghardforchange.Thetwofirmshavewarnedallpartiesinthetransactionchain一merchant,network,bank一thatiftheydon'
tbecomeEMV-compliantbyOctober2015,thepartythatisleastcompliantwillbearthefraudrisk.
[N]Inthemeantime,app-equippedsmartphonesanddigitalwallets—allofwhichcanuseEMVtechnology—arebeginningtomakeinroads(侵袭)oncardsandcash.PayPal,forinstance,istestinganappthatletsyouuseyourmobilephonetopayontheflyatlocalmerchants—withoutsurrenderinganycardinformationtothem.Andfurtherdowntheroadisbiometricauthentication,whichcouldbeencryptedwith,say,afingerprint.
[O]Creditanddebitcards,though,aregoingtobewithusfortheforeseeablefuture,andsoarehackers,ifwestickwithmagstripetechnology."
Itseemscrazytome,"
saysGumbley,whoisEnglish,"
thatacutting-edge-technologycountryisdependingona40-year-oldtechnology."
That'
swhyitmaybeuptoconsumerstomovetheneedleonchipandPIN.SaysRobertson:
‘‘Whenyougettheconsumerintoapositionofworryandinconvenience,that'
swheretherubberhitstheroad."
46.It'
sbesttouseanEMVcardforinternationaltravel.
47.Personalinformationoncreditanddebitcardsisincreasinglyvulnerabletohacking.
48.TheFrenchcardcompaniesadoptedEMVtechnologypartlybecauseofinefficienttel