大学英语六级考试真题和答案第三套Word文件下载.docx

大学英语六级考试真题和答案第三套Word文件下载.docx

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Today,theindustryisgoingthroughanewrevolution—thistimetransformingservicequality.Onlineratingplatforms—38____inhotels,restaurants,apartments,andtaxis—allowtravelerstoexchangereviewsandexperiencesforalltosee.

Hospitalitybusinessesarenowranked,analyzed,andcomparednotbyindustry39____,butbytheverypeopleforwhomtheserviceisintended—thecustomer.Thishas40____anewrelationshipbetweenbuyerandseller.Customershavealwaysvotedwiththeirfeet;

theycannowexplaintheirdecisiontoanyonewhoisinterested.Asaresult,businessesaremuchmore41____,ofteninveryspecificways,whichcreatespowerful42____toimproveservice.

Althoughsomereadersmightnotcareforgossipyreportsofunfriendlybellboys（行李员）inBerlinormalfunctioninghotelhairdryersinHouston,thetruepowerofonlinereviewsliesnotjustintheindividualstories,butinthewebsites'

43____toaggregatealargevolumeofratings.

Theimpactcannotbe44____.Businessesthatattracttopratingscanenjoyrapidgrowth,asnewcustomersareattractedbygoodreviewsand45____provideyetmorepositivefeedback.Sogreatistheinfluenceofonlineratingsthatmanycompaniesnowhiredigitalreputationmanagerstoensureafavorableonlineidentity.

A）accountableB）capacityC）controlledD）entail

E）forgedF）incentivesG）occasionallyH）overstated

I）persistingJ）pessimisticK）professionalsL）slash

M）specializingN）spectatorsO）subsequently

SectionB

PlasticSurgery

Abettercreditcardisthesolutiontoeverlargerhackattacks

[A]Athinmagneticstripe（magstripe）isallthatstandsbetweenyourcredit-cardinformationandthebadguys.Andthey'

vebeenworkinghardtobreakin.That'

swhy2014isshapingupasamajorshowdown:

banks,lawenforcementandtechnologycompaniesarealltryingtostopanetworkofhackerswhoaresucceedinginstealingaccountnumbers,names,emailaddressesandothercrucialdatausedinidentitytheft.Morethan100millionaccountsatTarget,NeimanMarcusandMichaelsstoreswereaffectedinsomewayduringthemostrecentattacks,startinglastNovember.

[B]Swipe（刷卡）istheoperativeword:

cardsareincreasinglyvulnerabletoattackswhenyoumakepurchasesinastore.Inseveralrecentincidents,hackershavebeenabletoobtainmassiveinformationofcredit-,debit-（借记）orprepaid-cardnumbersusingmalware,i.e.malicioussoftware,insertedsecretlyintotheretailers'

point-of-salesystem—thecheckoutregisters.Hackersthensoldthedatatoasecondgroupofcriminalsoperatinginshadowycomersoftheweb.Notlongafter,thestolendatawasshowinguponfakecardsandbeingusedforonlinepurchases.

[C]Thesolutioncouldcostaslittleas$2extraforeverypieceofplasticissued.ThefixisasecuritytechnologyusedheavilyoutsidetheU.S.WhileAmericancreditcardsusethe40-year-oldmagstripetechnologytoprocesstransactions,muchoftherestoftheworldusessmartercardswithatechnologycalledEMV（shortforEuropay,MasterCard,Visa）thatemploysachipembeddedinthecardplusacustomerPIN（personalidentificationnumber）toauthenticate（验证）everytransactiononthespot.IfapurchaserfailstopunchinthecorrectPINatthecheckout,thetransactiongetsrejected.（Onlinepurchasescanbemadebysettingupaseparatetransactioncode.）

[D]Whyhaven'

tbigbanksadoptedthemoresecuretechnology?

Whenitcomestomailingoutnewcreditcards,it'

sallaboutrelativecosts,saysDavidRobertson,whorunstheNihonReport,anindustrynewsletter:

"

Thecostofthecard,puttingthestickeronit,codingtheaccountnumberandexpirationdate,embossing（凸印）it,thesmallenvelop—allputtogether,youareinthedollarrange."

Achip-and-PINcardcurrentlycostscloserto$3,saysRobertson,becauseofthepriceofchips.（Oncelargeissuersconverttogether,thechipcostsshoulddrop.）

[E]Multiply$3bythemorethan5billionmagstripecreditandprepaidcardsincirculationintheU.S.Thenconsiderthatthere'

sanestimated$12.4billionincardfraudonaglobalbasis'

saysRobertson.With44%ofthatintheU.S.,Americancredit-cardfraudamountstoabout$5.5billionannually.CardissuershavesofarcalculatedthatabsorbingtheliabilityforevenbighacksliketheTargetoneisstillcheaperthanreplacingallthatplastic.

[F]ThatleavesAmericanretailersprettymuchalonetheworldoverinrelyingonmagstripetechnologytochargepurchases—andleavesconsumersvulnerable.Eachmagstripehasthreetracksofinformation,explainspaymentssecurityexpertJeremyGumbley,thechieftechnologyofficerofCreditCall,anelectronic-paymentscompany.Thefirstandthirdareusedbythebankorcardissuer.Yourvitalaccountinformationlivesonthesecondtrack,whichhackerstrytocapture."

Malwareisscanningthroughthememoryinrealtimeandlookingfordata,"

hesays."

Itcreatesatextfilethatgetsstolen."

[G]Chip-and-PINcards,bycontrast,makefakecardsorskimmingimpossiblebecausetheinformationthatgetsscannedisencrypted（加密）.ThehistoricalreasontheU.S.hasstuckwithmagstripe,ironicallyenough,isoncesuperiortechnology.Ourcheap,ultra-reliablewirednetworksmadecredit-cardauthenticationoverthephonefrictionless.InFrance,cardcompaniescreatedEMVinpartbecausethetelephonemonopolywassomaddeninglyinefficientandexpensive.TheEMVsolutionallowedtransactionstobeverifiedlocallyandsecurely.

[H]Somebigbanks,likeWellsFargo,arenowofferingtoconvertyourmagstripecardtoachip-and-PINmodel.（It'

sactuallyahybrid（混合体）thatwillstillhaveamagstripe,sincemostU.S.merchantsdon'

thaveEMVterminals.）Shouldyoutakethemuponit?

Ifyoutravelinternationally,theanswerisyes.

[I]Keepinmind,too,thatcreditcardstypicallyhavebetterliabilityprotectionthandebitcards.Ifsomeoneusesyourcreditcardfraudulently（欺诈性地）it'

stheissuerormerchant,notyou,thattakesthehit.Debitcardshavedifferentliabilitylimitsdependingonthebankandtheeventssurroundinganyfraud."

Ifit'

savailable,thelogicalthingistogetachip-and-PINcardfromyourbank,"

saysEricAdamowsky,aco-founderofCreditCardI."

Iwouldusecreditcardsoverdebitcardsbecauseofliabilityissues."

Cashstillworksprettywelltoo.

[J]Retailersandbanksstandtobenefitfromthelowerfraudlevelsofchip-and-PINcardsbuthavebeenreluctantforyearstoinvestinthenewinfrastructure（基础设施）neededforthetechnology,especiallyifconsumersdon'

thaveaccesstoit.It'

sachicken-and-eggproblem;

noonewantstospendthemoneyonupgradedpoint-of-salesystemsthatcanreadthechipcardsifshoppersaren'

tcarryingthem一yetthere'

slittlepointinconsumers'

carryingthefancyplasticifstoresaren'

tequippedtousethem.（AnearliereffortbyTargettomovetochipandPINnevergainedprogress.）AccordingtoGumbley,there'

sa"

you-firstmentality.Thelogjam（僵局）hastobebroken."

[K]JPMorganChaseCEOJamieDimonrecentlyexpressedhiswillingnesstodoso,notingthatbanksandmerchantshavespentthepastdecadesuingeachotheroverinterchangefees—thepercentageofthetransactionpricetheykeep-ratherthandealwiththegrowinghackingproblem.Chaseoffersachip-enabledcardunderitsownbrandandseveralothersfortravel-relatedcompaniessuchasBritishAirwaysandRitz-Carlton.

[L]TheTargetandNeimanhackshavealsochangedthecostcalculation:

althoughretailershavebeenreluctanttospendthe$6.75billionthatCapgeminiconsultantsestimateitwilltaketoconvertalltheirregisterstobechip-and-PIN-compatible,thepotentialliabilitytheynowfaceisdramaticallygreater.Targethasbeenhitwithclassactionsfromhackedconsumers."

It'

stheultimatenightmare,"

aretailexecutivefromawell-knownchainadmittedtoTIME.

[M]Thecard-paymentcompaniesMasterCardandVisaarepushinghardforchange.Thetwofirmshavewarnedallpartiesinthetransactionchain一merchant,network,bank一thatiftheydon'

tbecomeEMV-compliantbyOctober2015,thepartythatisleastcompliantwillbearthefraudrisk.

[N]Inthemeantime,app-equippedsmartphonesanddigitalwallets—allofwhichcanuseEMVtechnology—arebeginningtomakeinroads（侵袭）oncardsandcash.PayPal,forinstance,istestinganappthatletsyouuseyourmobilephonetopayontheflyatlocalmerchants—withoutsurrenderinganycardinformationtothem.Andfurtherdowntheroadisbiometricauthentication,whichcouldbeencryptedwith,say,afingerprint.

[O]Creditanddebitcards,though,aregoingtobewithusfortheforeseeablefuture,andsoarehackers,ifwestickwithmagstripetechnology."

Itseemscrazytome,"

saysGumbley,whoisEnglish,"

thatacutting-edge-technologycountryisdependingona40-year-oldtechnology."

That'

swhyitmaybeuptoconsumerstomovetheneedleonchipandPIN.SaysRobertson:

‘‘Whenyougettheconsumerintoapositionofworryandinconvenience,that'

swheretherubberhitstheroad."

46.It'

sbesttouseanEMVcardforinternationaltravel.

47.Personalinformationoncreditanddebitcardsisincreasinglyvulnerabletohacking.

48.TheFrenchcardcompaniesadoptedEMVtechnologypartlybecauseofinefficienttel