大学与社会的服务关系英文版doc 16页Word下载.docx

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Thispaperexploredthequestionwhetheruniversitiesshouldservesociety.Bythereviewingofuniversitydevelopinghistoryandanalyzingsomesupporttheories,thepositiveanswerhasbeengiven.Thentheapproachesforimprovingthisservicehavebeenproposedintwosides;

oneisimprovinguniversities'

functionssuchasindividualeducationandpubliceducation;

theothersideisthepolicysupportfromsociety.

Introduction:

Asapartofhumansociety,universityhasplayeddifferentrolessinceithappened.Ithasbeenreportedthatinthehistory,universityhasdistanceditselffromhumansocietybutsometimesitkeptclosetothesocietyactivelyoreveninan

ultrawaysuchasrevolution.Intheotherwords,universityvariesitsassociationwithsocietybetweensocialandacademic.Nomatterwhichpositiontheuniversitywas,theinfluenceoftheuniversityonhumansocietyweresignificantandnonignorable.Somescholarssupportthatasanacademicinstitution,universityshouldnotservesocietybuttoconductresearchandacademicstudies.However,otherexpertsarguethatuniversitiesshouldservesocietyandcaterdemandsofsociety.Inmyposition,thisservicecanbeachieveddirectly.Forexample,trainingthemanpowerthesocietyneedorworkouttheunemploymentproblems.Alsoitcanbeachievedindirectlywhichmeanskeepacademic.Inthisessay,IwillprovemypositionbypresentingareviewoftherelationshipbetweensocietyanduniversityindifferenthistoryperiodandanalyzingtheGeneralsystemtheory（Bertalanffy,1968）,AshbyaswellasMarx'

stheories.Thenillustratemyideasandexamplesonhowuniversitiesservicecanbeachieved

Theideaabouttheuniversity’sfunctionischanginganddeveloping.

Inordertoexploringtherelationshipbetweenuniversityandsocietyweshouldbatebacktothehumanhistorytolookfortheassociationinthepast.IwillstartthisreviewfromtheschoolinancientGreekageandnextgothroughthemiddleAges,thenturntotheindustryrevolutiontimeandfinally

Iwillfinishthisreviewatmodernage.Thisreviewisforexploringthechangeoftherelationshipbetweenuniversitiesandsocietyandlookingfortheevidencefromhistoricalperspectivetosupportthatuniversitiesshouldservehumansocietybecausethehistorypresentsacleartrendthatuniversitieshavestartedtoservehumansocietyandthisservicehasbecamemoreandmorepopular.Besides,thehistoryistruthandevidencewhichcouldnotbenegatedandignored.

"

'

Academy'

and'

Lyceum'

whichestablishedbyPlatoandAristotlewerethemostsignificanthighereducationinstitutionsbeforeuniversitieshappenedinMiddleAges"

（Bligh,1990.p24）.In387BC,PlatoestablishedaschoolinAthenscalled‘Academy’.Itwastheoneoftheearliestwellknownhighereducationinstitutionsinthewesternworld.InthisschoolPlatoestablishedseveralsubjectssuchasarithmetic,geometry,psychologyandastronauticbasedonThePythagoreanspower.Unfortunately,Justinian（theemperoroftheEasternRomanempire）closeddown‘Academy’afterabout900yearssinceitwasestablished.However,itsexistencehashadasignificantimpactonhighereducationhistoryuptonow.Asahighereducationrepresentativeatthattime,theschoolofAcademyhaddistanceditselffromthetemporalsocietyandmainlyfocusontheTruthsuchasscience,philosophyandpsychology.Forthenextthe900years,'

becamethecradleoftheTruth.OneofthegreateststudentsinthisschoolisAristotlewhowasthefounderoftheAristotleTheoryandhemades

ignificantcontributiontophilosophyandsciencesuchasthetheoryofFormalLogicandGeocentricTheory.Inaddition,Universitiesestablishedinmedievaltimewerealmostbasedontheprincipleof'

.Asabeginning,therelationshipbetweenuniversityandsocietywasdistanced.

Afterthe'

intheearlymedievaltime,therelationshipbetweenuniversityandsocietywaschangedbutthedistancewascontinued.Therewereplentyofhighereducationalinstitutionsestablishedanddevelopedatthattime.AtthebeginningoftheMedieval,universitieswereforestalledbytheChurchaspeopleandsocietywerecontrolledbythisreligionpowerforalongtime.Besides,churchesneedmorepriesthoodtoenhancetheircontrolling（Bligh,1990）.However,inthe11thcentury,manufactureandbusinessactivitiesoccurredasaresultofthecapitalismactivities.Thechurchschoolcouldnotcaterthedemandofmanufactureandbusinessdeveloping.Therefore,somemanufactureandbusinessunionshadestablishedtheearliestmodernuniversitiessuchastheUniversityofBolognaandTheUniversityofPariswhichtaughtpeoplesocialconceptandknowledge（Haskins,1923）.TheexampleofthehighereducationchanginginBritainatthistimemaygiveusmoretruthabouttherelationshipbetweenuniversityandsociety.OxfordUniversityandTheUniversityofCambridge,twooftheoldestandthemostreputableuniversities,usedbelongtothechurchpowerwhentheyestablishedandcourseswerecontrolledbytheChurch

（Bligh,1990）.However,bytheinfluenceofRenaissancethought,thesetwotypicalchurchuniversitiesbegantochangetheirteachingcontentsandmethodsfromtrainingtheclergiesandgovernorstoeducatingpublicandsocialelites.Intheotherwords,thechurchuniversitiesbecamesensitivetosocietyandtriedtoadoptthenewsocialenvironmentandproductionrelationship.Withthetimegoing,inthe18thcenturyinEngland,theindustrialrevolutionspedupthesocietydevelopmentsignificantlyandthenewproductionrelationshiphasbeenacceptedbythepublic.PlentyofmoderncivicuniversitieswereestablishedsuchasTheUniversityofLondonandTheCityUniversity.Theseuniversitieswereestablishedfordevelopingindustryandeconomy.Eveninthelatertime,somecitiesestablishedtheiruniversityfollowingthecity'

suniquefeature.Forexample,theUniversityofLiverpoolmainlyfocusesontheseafaringresearchasLiverpoolisoneofthemostsignificantportsintheUK.Besides,theUniversityofManchester,theearliestcivichighereducationinstitutionwhichrepresentsthebenefitsofbusinessmenandmanufacturer（Sanderson,1972,p.61）.Ingeneral,theroleofuniversitieshasbecamemoresocialfunctional,andithaspromotedtheeconomyandeducationdevelopingofsociety.TherelationshipbetweenuniversitiesandsocietyhasbeendevelopedmorethantherelationshipinMedieval.

Sofar,thehistoricalreviewabovehasdrawnacleartrendfortherelationshipbetweenuniversitiesandsociety.Thishistoricalevidencecanpartlysupporttheuniversity'

sservicebutnoenough.Asasocialsystem,Humansociety

hasrealizedhowsignificantuniversitiesare.Theyproduceknowledge,ideas,essentialskillsaswellaspoliticssourceswhichcanhelpuniversitiestoadjusthumansociety.Inthenextparagraph,GeneralSystemTheory（Bertalanffy,1968）willalsobeusedtomainlyprovethenecessityofuniversities'

service.

Inaddition,thereisarelevantsupportfromBertalanffyLudwingvon（1901～1972）,theAustriabiologistwhoestablishedtheGeneralsystemtheory,Hedefinedthatsystemisanensemblethatconsistofdifferentsectionswhileeachsectionisrelatedandinfluencedbyothersandsystemisoneofthewaysofallthesubjectsexist（Bertalanffy,1968）.Bythisdefinition,Humansocietyisthesystemwhichcanbedividedintothreefeatures:

politics,economyandculture.Eachfeatureisimportanttotheothers.Inthissystem,universityshouldinitiallyworkandserveforthecultureandindirectlyservingthewholesystemasuniversityiswithinthissystem.Thatistosayitisimpossibleforuniversitytoleavefromthissystemasuniversityiscreatedbythissystemandtoworkforit.Ontheotherhand,universitiesaretheresultofinheritanceandcircumstance（Ashby,1974.p.2）whichindicatethesameideaaboutthepositionofuniversityinthissocialsystem.

Let’smovefocusfromthegeneralenvironmenttouniversityitself,itcanbeseentheuniversityparticipantsarehumanbeingandcomparewithanimals,humanissocialbeingwithsocialfeatures.Marx（1984）claimedthat"

thehumanessenceinnoabstructioninherentineachsingleindividual.Inthisrealityitistheensembleofthesocialrelation"

（p.285）.Bythissocialrelation,theuniversityshouldbesocialandservethesocietyashumanbeingconductsthissocialactivity.

Insummary,asithasbeenreflectedsincemodernuniversityestablishedinthehistoricalreview,thereisatrendforuniversitiesservinghumansociety.Besides,accordingtoBertalanffy'

stheory,thisserviceisnecessaryasuniversitiesbelongstohumansocialsystemandrelyonthissystem.Inaddition,thissocialactivityisconductedbysocialcreaturewhichishumanbeing.

Inwhatwayscanthisserviceefficientlywork?

Asuccessfulserviceshouldbeeffective,professionalandappropriatetoitsservepurpose.Whatfunctionsofuniversitiescanmakethisservicesuccessful?

Basedontheclassicalsociology,educationhasbeenendowedwithtwomainfunctions.Oneistofocusonindividualsandsocialeliteseducationwhichhascalledselection.Theothermainfunctionisconcernedwiththebenefitsofthewholesociety（Brennan,2008）.FromBrennan'

sposition,asapartofeducation,universitiesalsocanbefunctionalbyimprovingtoindividual（selection）aswellascontributetothepublicsociety（socializ

ation）.Inthissection,Iwillexploreinwhatwayscanuniversitiesservesocietyeffectivelybasedonthesetwofunctionsaswellasknowledgetransfer.FinallyIwillanal