大学与社会的服务关系英文版doc 16页Word下载.docx
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Thispaperexploredthequestionwhetheruniversitiesshouldservesociety.Bythereviewingofuniversitydevelopinghistoryandanalyzingsomesupporttheories,thepositiveanswerhasbeengiven.Thentheapproachesforimprovingthisservicehavebeenproposedintwosides;
oneisimprovinguniversities'
functionssuchasindividualeducationandpubliceducation;
theothersideisthepolicysupportfromsociety.
Introduction:
Asapartofhumansociety,universityhasplayeddifferentrolessinceithappened.Ithasbeenreportedthatinthehistory,universityhasdistanceditselffromhumansocietybutsometimesitkeptclosetothesocietyactivelyoreveninan
ultrawaysuchasrevolution.Intheotherwords,universityvariesitsassociationwithsocietybetweensocialandacademic.Nomatterwhichpositiontheuniversitywas,theinfluenceoftheuniversityonhumansocietyweresignificantandnonignorable.Somescholarssupportthatasanacademicinstitution,universityshouldnotservesocietybuttoconductresearchandacademicstudies.However,otherexpertsarguethatuniversitiesshouldservesocietyandcaterdemandsofsociety.Inmyposition,thisservicecanbeachieveddirectly.Forexample,trainingthemanpowerthesocietyneedorworkouttheunemploymentproblems.Alsoitcanbeachievedindirectlywhichmeanskeepacademic.Inthisessay,IwillprovemypositionbypresentingareviewoftherelationshipbetweensocietyanduniversityindifferenthistoryperiodandanalyzingtheGeneralsystemtheory(Bertalanffy,1968),AshbyaswellasMarx'
stheories.Thenillustratemyideasandexamplesonhowuniversitiesservicecanbeachieved
Theideaabouttheuniversity’sfunctionischanginganddeveloping.
Inordertoexploringtherelationshipbetweenuniversityandsocietyweshouldbatebacktothehumanhistorytolookfortheassociationinthepast.IwillstartthisreviewfromtheschoolinancientGreekageandnextgothroughthemiddleAges,thenturntotheindustryrevolutiontimeandfinally
Iwillfinishthisreviewatmodernage.Thisreviewisforexploringthechangeoftherelationshipbetweenuniversitiesandsocietyandlookingfortheevidencefromhistoricalperspectivetosupportthatuniversitiesshouldservehumansocietybecausethehistorypresentsacleartrendthatuniversitieshavestartedtoservehumansocietyandthisservicehasbecamemoreandmorepopular.Besides,thehistoryistruthandevidencewhichcouldnotbenegatedandignored.
"
'
Academy'
and'
Lyceum'
whichestablishedbyPlatoandAristotlewerethemostsignificanthighereducationinstitutionsbeforeuniversitieshappenedinMiddleAges"
(Bligh,1990.p24).In387BC,PlatoestablishedaschoolinAthenscalled‘Academy’.Itwastheoneoftheearliestwellknownhighereducationinstitutionsinthewesternworld.InthisschoolPlatoestablishedseveralsubjectssuchasarithmetic,geometry,psychologyandastronauticbasedonThePythagoreanspower.Unfortunately,Justinian(theemperoroftheEasternRomanempire)closeddown‘Academy’afterabout900yearssinceitwasestablished.However,itsexistencehashadasignificantimpactonhighereducationhistoryuptonow.Asahighereducationrepresentativeatthattime,theschoolofAcademyhaddistanceditselffromthetemporalsocietyandmainlyfocusontheTruthsuchasscience,philosophyandpsychology.Forthenextthe900years,'
becamethecradleoftheTruth.OneofthegreateststudentsinthisschoolisAristotlewhowasthefounderoftheAristotleTheoryandhemades
ignificantcontributiontophilosophyandsciencesuchasthetheoryofFormalLogicandGeocentricTheory.Inaddition,Universitiesestablishedinmedievaltimewerealmostbasedontheprincipleof'
.Asabeginning,therelationshipbetweenuniversityandsocietywasdistanced.
Afterthe'
intheearlymedievaltime,therelationshipbetweenuniversityandsocietywaschangedbutthedistancewascontinued.Therewereplentyofhighereducationalinstitutionsestablishedanddevelopedatthattime.AtthebeginningoftheMedieval,universitieswereforestalledbytheChurchaspeopleandsocietywerecontrolledbythisreligionpowerforalongtime.Besides,churchesneedmorepriesthoodtoenhancetheircontrolling(Bligh,1990).However,inthe11thcentury,manufactureandbusinessactivitiesoccurredasaresultofthecapitalismactivities.Thechurchschoolcouldnotcaterthedemandofmanufactureandbusinessdeveloping.Therefore,somemanufactureandbusinessunionshadestablishedtheearliestmodernuniversitiessuchastheUniversityofBolognaandTheUniversityofPariswhichtaughtpeoplesocialconceptandknowledge(Haskins,1923).TheexampleofthehighereducationchanginginBritainatthistimemaygiveusmoretruthabouttherelationshipbetweenuniversityandsociety.OxfordUniversityandTheUniversityofCambridge,twooftheoldestandthemostreputableuniversities,usedbelongtothechurchpowerwhentheyestablishedandcourseswerecontrolledbytheChurch
(Bligh,1990).However,bytheinfluenceofRenaissancethought,thesetwotypicalchurchuniversitiesbegantochangetheirteachingcontentsandmethodsfromtrainingtheclergiesandgovernorstoeducatingpublicandsocialelites.Intheotherwords,thechurchuniversitiesbecamesensitivetosocietyandtriedtoadoptthenewsocialenvironmentandproductionrelationship.Withthetimegoing,inthe18thcenturyinEngland,theindustrialrevolutionspedupthesocietydevelopmentsignificantlyandthenewproductionrelationshiphasbeenacceptedbythepublic.PlentyofmoderncivicuniversitieswereestablishedsuchasTheUniversityofLondonandTheCityUniversity.Theseuniversitieswereestablishedfordevelopingindustryandeconomy.Eveninthelatertime,somecitiesestablishedtheiruniversityfollowingthecity'
suniquefeature.Forexample,theUniversityofLiverpoolmainlyfocusesontheseafaringresearchasLiverpoolisoneofthemostsignificantportsintheUK.Besides,theUniversityofManchester,theearliestcivichighereducationinstitutionwhichrepresentsthebenefitsofbusinessmenandmanufacturer(Sanderson,1972,p.61).Ingeneral,theroleofuniversitieshasbecamemoresocialfunctional,andithaspromotedtheeconomyandeducationdevelopingofsociety.TherelationshipbetweenuniversitiesandsocietyhasbeendevelopedmorethantherelationshipinMedieval.
Sofar,thehistoricalreviewabovehasdrawnacleartrendfortherelationshipbetweenuniversitiesandsociety.Thishistoricalevidencecanpartlysupporttheuniversity'
sservicebutnoenough.Asasocialsystem,Humansociety
hasrealizedhowsignificantuniversitiesare.Theyproduceknowledge,ideas,essentialskillsaswellaspoliticssourceswhichcanhelpuniversitiestoadjusthumansociety.Inthenextparagraph,GeneralSystemTheory(Bertalanffy,1968)willalsobeusedtomainlyprovethenecessityofuniversities'
service.
Inaddition,thereisarelevantsupportfromBertalanffyLudwingvon(1901~1972),theAustriabiologistwhoestablishedtheGeneralsystemtheory,Hedefinedthatsystemisanensemblethatconsistofdifferentsectionswhileeachsectionisrelatedandinfluencedbyothersandsystemisoneofthewaysofallthesubjectsexist(Bertalanffy,1968).Bythisdefinition,Humansocietyisthesystemwhichcanbedividedintothreefeatures:
politics,economyandculture.Eachfeatureisimportanttotheothers.Inthissystem,universityshouldinitiallyworkandserveforthecultureandindirectlyservingthewholesystemasuniversityiswithinthissystem.Thatistosayitisimpossibleforuniversitytoleavefromthissystemasuniversityiscreatedbythissystemandtoworkforit.Ontheotherhand,universitiesaretheresultofinheritanceandcircumstance(Ashby,1974.p.2)whichindicatethesameideaaboutthepositionofuniversityinthissocialsystem.
Let’smovefocusfromthegeneralenvironmenttouniversityitself,itcanbeseentheuniversityparticipantsarehumanbeingandcomparewithanimals,humanissocialbeingwithsocialfeatures.Marx(1984)claimedthat"
thehumanessenceinnoabstructioninherentineachsingleindividual.Inthisrealityitistheensembleofthesocialrelation"
(p.285).Bythissocialrelation,theuniversityshouldbesocialandservethesocietyashumanbeingconductsthissocialactivity.
Insummary,asithasbeenreflectedsincemodernuniversityestablishedinthehistoricalreview,thereisatrendforuniversitiesservinghumansociety.Besides,accordingtoBertalanffy'
stheory,thisserviceisnecessaryasuniversitiesbelongstohumansocialsystemandrelyonthissystem.Inaddition,thissocialactivityisconductedbysocialcreaturewhichishumanbeing.
Inwhatwayscanthisserviceefficientlywork?
Asuccessfulserviceshouldbeeffective,professionalandappropriatetoitsservepurpose.Whatfunctionsofuniversitiescanmakethisservicesuccessful?
Basedontheclassicalsociology,educationhasbeenendowedwithtwomainfunctions.Oneistofocusonindividualsandsocialeliteseducationwhichhascalledselection.Theothermainfunctionisconcernedwiththebenefitsofthewholesociety(Brennan,2008).FromBrennan'
sposition,asapartofeducation,universitiesalsocanbefunctionalbyimprovingtoindividual(selection)aswellascontributetothepublicsociety(socializ
ation).Inthissection,Iwillexploreinwhatwayscanuniversitiesservesocietyeffectivelybasedonthesetwofunctionsaswellasknowledgetransfer.FinallyIwillanal