AP环境科学考前终极知识点总结文档格式.docx

AP环境科学考前终极知识点总结文档格式.docx

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Particulates:

soot,SUIfateaerosols

Indoorpollutants

VOC:

drycleaning,carpet,furniture;

formO3andsmog

TObaCCOsmoke

Radon:

lungcancer;

emittedbyUraniUm

Smog

AidedbyairinVerSions（trappollutants）andfog（holdpollutants）

Industrialsmog（gray）andphotochemicalsmog（brown）

CFC:

propellants,fireextinguishers,hairspray--depletesOZone

MontrealProtocol

Ozoneloss:

greatestinSPringasClbreaksdownO3intoO2

ACidrain

CaICiUmactsasbuffertoacidPreCiPitation

CleanAirAct:

establishedcap-and-tradePrOgramforSO2in1990

NationalAmbientAirQUaIityStandards

CataIytiCConVerter:

ControlemissiOnSinCarS

CorporateAVerageFuelEConomy（CAFE）

Anthropogenicgreenhousegas:

CO2,CH4,N2O

TemPeratUreinVerSion

HyPOXiCZone（depletiOnOf02）CaUSedbyeutrophicatiOn

JUdgeWaterquality

PH

Hardness:

ConCentratiOnSofCaICiUmandmagnesium

Dissolvedoxygen:

WarmWater=lessDO

TUrbidity

BOD:

ratebacteriaabsorbOfromWater

DealWWaSteWater

SIUdgePrOCeSsor:

tankfilledWaerobiCbacteria;

SIUdgefUrtherPrOCeSSedWanaerobiCbaCteria--PrOdUCeSCH4thatCanbeUSedasfUeltorUnthetreatmentPIant;

SIUdgeCakeUSedasfertilizer

Tertiarytreatment:

PaSSSeCOndarytreatedWaterthrUSandandCarbOnfiltersandthenchlorination

ReCyCIing

SamePrOdUCtS

SeCondary:

newPrOdUCtS

HaZardOUSWaSte

oCorrosive

oIgnitable

oReaCtiVe

oToxic

oDiSPOSedthrU

*InjeCtiOnWells,SUrfaCeimpoUndments（forIiqUidWaStethatevaporates）,landfills

TranSUranicWaste:

leftoverfromnUclearWeaPons

ReSOUrCeConSerVatiOnandReCOVeryACt

High-levelradioactiveWastes:

bUryUndergrOUndinremoteareas

SUPerfUndPrOgraminRockyFlats

LoveCanal:

landfill

oCap-and-tradepolicy:

economicincentivesforlimitingemissiOnS

oMarketPermitS

ReIatiOnships

ReSerVOir

EXChangepool

WherenUtrientsSitforalongtime

WherenUtrientsSitforashorttime

--Residencytime

OCean,snow,ice

oLaWofConSerVationofMatter

TraCeelements（Zinc,copper,irOn）arerequiredbyIiVingthingsthatcycle,alongWmajorelements

Watercycle

EVaPOration:

fromearth'

sSUrfaCeandfromIivingorganiSmS

TranSPiration:

plants

Carboncycle

ReSPiration:

animalsandplants

PhotoSynthesis

WayStoreleaseCarbOn

BUrnOffossilfuels

Volcano

Reservoirs:

ocean,earth'

srocks,fossilfuels

NitrOgencycle

NitrOgenfixation:

nitrogenbecomeammonia/nitratesthrulightningStOrmSorsoilbacteria（rhizobiuminIegUmeS）

NitrifiCation:

soilbacteriaconVertSammonium（NH4+）intonitrate（NO3）

ASSimiIation:

plantsabsorbNH3,NH4+,NO3-.Heterotrophs（organismsreceiveenergyby

COnSUmingotherorganiSmS）obtainnitrogen

AmmOnification:

decomposingbacteriaconVertdeadorganiSmStoNH3orNH4+that

Canbereused

Denitrification:

ammoniaconVertedtonitritesandnitratesandtoN2/N2Othatriseto

atmosphere

PhOSPhOrUScycle

Foundinsoil,rock,Sediments;

releasedthruChemiCaIWeatheringintheformof

PhOSPhate;

limitingfactorforplantgrowth

SUIfUr

Needinplants'

andanimals'

diets

InrocksandSandSanddeepintheocean

WayStoenteratmosphere

Volcano,bacterialfunCtions,decayofOnCe-IiVingorganiSmS

IndustriaI:

SO2andH2Sgases

oAutotrophs/heterotrophs

ProdUCerS

Chemotrophs:

ChemOSynthesis--makefoodfrominorganicChemiCaISinanaerobic

environments

NetPrimaryPrOdUCtiVity（NPP）--amountofenergyplantsPaSStoherbivores,calculatedby[GrossPrimaryPrOdUCtiVity（amOUntofSUgarplantsPrOdUCeinphotosynthesis）-amountofenergyplantsneedforgrowth...]

NPP:

IimitingfactorforthenumberofconSUmerS

ConSUmerS

Primary

SeCondary

Tertiary

DetritiVores:

conSUmenonIiVingorganicmatterSUChasdeadanimals∕fallenIeaVeSDecomposers:

bacteriaandfungiabsorbnutrientsfromnonIiVingorganicmatterasplant,WaSteSoflivingorganisms,andCOrPSeS

BiOmagnification:

inCreaSingCOnCentrationoftoxinathighertrophiclevels

ECOSyStemS

BiOmeS

EcotOnes:

tranSitiOnalareaWheretwoecosystemsmeet

EcozOnes/ecoregions:

smallerregiOnSthatShareSimiIarPhySiCaIfeatures

AqUatiClifeZoneS

FreShWater

SaItWater

LaWofTolerance

oLaWoftheMinimum:

IivingorganiSmSwillcontinuetoliveUntiltheSUPPIyofmaterialsisexhausted

PhylogenetictreetomodelevolutiOn

SPeCiatiOn

Howevolutionworks

NatUraISeIeCtion

Geneticdrift:

accumulationofChangesinthefrequencyofalleles（VerSionsofagene）duetoSamPIingerrors

MiCrOeVolution

MaCrOeVolutiOn

EXtinctiOn

Biological

-Ecological:

sofewthatCannotPerfOrmecologicalfunction

-CommerCial/ecOnOmic

ComPetitiOn

Intraspecific:

SameSPeCieSCOmPete

Interspecific:

differentSPeCieSCOmPete

Gause'

sPrinciple:

notwOSPeCieSCanOCCUPytheSameniCheattheSametime,OnehastO…

*RealizedniChe

♦FundamentalniChe--noCOmPetitiOn

PredatiOn

SymbiOtiCrelatiOnShiPS

MUtUaIistic:

Seaanemoneandclownfish

Commensalistc:

treesandepiphytes

Parasitism:

oneisharmedtheotherbenefits

EcologicalSUCCeSSiOn

CIimaXcommunity--balanceb/tabioticandbiotic

Pioneerspecies:

lichen

Edgeeffect:

greaterSPeCieSdiversityandbiologicaldenSityatboundaries

TheOryofIslandBiogeography:

numberofSPeCieSOn"

island"

isdeterminedbyimmigrationandextinCtion

PopulatiOn

oPopulatiOndispersion

Random

Clumping:

mostcommon

Uniform:

e.g.forests

BiOtiCpotential--theamountthatpopulationwouldgrowifUnIimitedresources

unpractical!

CarryingCaPaCity（K）

EXPOnential（Unrestricted）growth-JCUrVe

LOgiStiC（restricted）growth-SCUrVe

RePrOdUCtiVeStrategy

R-SeIected:

bacteria,algae,andprotozoa;

reproduceearlyandoften

K-SeIected:

humans,lions,andcows;

reproducelateandfewer

PopulatiOnCyCIeS

Boom-and-bust

♦Commonamongr-strategists

Predator-prey:

rabbitsandcoyotes

FaCtOrSinfluencepopulatiOngrowth

Density-dependent:

increasedPredation,COmPetition,toxicmaterials

Density-independent:

fire,storms,earthquakes

ACtUaIgrowthrate=（birthrate-deathrate）∕10

Birth/deathPer1000

Totalfertilityrate:

numberofChiIdrenawomanbearsduringIifetime

RePIaCementbirthrate:

2.5fordevelopingCoUntries

Age-StrUCtUrePyramidS/diagramsdescribepopulatiOnS

Pre-reproductive0-14

RePrOdUCtiVe15-44

Post-reproductive45+

DemOgraPhiCtranSitionmodel--PrediCtpopulatiOntrendSbasedonbirth/deathratesPre-industrialstate:

highbirthanddeathrates;

enVirOnmentalresistance--harshlivingConditiOnS

TranSitiOnalstate:

highbirthandlowdeath

Industrialstate:

lowbirthanddeath;

highgrowth

Postindustrialstate:

zerogrowth

Macronutrientsareneededinlargeamounts:

proteins,CarbOnhydrates,andfats

MiCronUtrients:

Vitamins,iron,andmineralsSUChasCa

HUngerVmalnutritionVUndernoUriShed

5massextinctions

SeCondHarVeStinUS:

redistributefoodthatwouldOtherWiSegotoWaSte

Urbansprawl:

emigratesfromCitytoSUbUrbS

I=PXAXT（Impact,population,affluence,technology）

ThreatenedVendangered

BiOdiVerSityhotspot:

ahighlydiverseregionthatfacesthreatsandhaslost70%of

VegetatiOn

LaWS

MarinemammalPrOteCtiOnact

EndangeredSPeCieSact

COnVentiononinternationaltrade∙∙∙

Energy

Potentialenergy

Kineticenergy

Radiantenergy/sUnIight

Netenergyyield:

thecostOfextraction,PrOCeSSing,andtranSPOrtatiOnandtheamount

OfUSefUIenergy

conVeCtion

ConductiOn

MOVementofheatedmatter

ThrUmatterfromPartiCIetoPartiCIe

FirStlawofthermodynamics:

energyCanonlybetransformed/transferred.E.g.photosynthesis

SmOke-StaCkSCrubbing

WetSCrUbbing:

transformSoXtoWaterpollutiOnissue/COmmerCiaIPrOdUCt（SUIfUriCacid）

Baghouse/cycloSCrUbbing:

likeVaCUUmcleaners

EIeCtrOStatiCfilters:

USeelectricChargetoattractdustPartiCUIateStometalSUrfaCeS

CoalgasificatiOnCanbeUSedtoremoveNOX,SOX,andPartiCUIateS

*Naturalgas

LargeStsource:

wetlands;

SeCOndlargest:

IiVeStOCk

Explosions,difficulttotransport,pipes,energyinPUtforIiqUefying

StriPmining

Undergroundmining

RemOVaIofearth'

sSUrfaCe

SinkofShaftStoreachdeposits

LeaVeSslagheapsContainingsulfur

CaUSeSmassiveSIUmPing/subsidence

NUCIearenergy17%

NOnrenewable

UraniUm-238;

Uranium235SPIitSthrufission

BreederreactorsgeneratenewfissiOnablematerialsfasterthantheyConSUmeSUChmaterial

NUCIearfusion:

fusingtritium-2neutrOnSanddeuterium-1neutrOn

NUCIearreactorsinUS

*BoilingWaterreactor:

twoWaterCirCUIationSyStemS

*PressurizedWaterreactor:

three…

RenewableenergySOUrCeS19%

Biomass:

wood,charcoal,animalWaSteS

Gasohol:

90%gasolineand10%ethanol;

hashigheroctane;

expensiveand

energy-intenSiVetoPrOdUCe

HydrOeIeCtriCpower:

thermalpollution;

dams;

Sedimentstrapped;

moreevaporationandWaterloss

Solarenergy

•Passivecollection

*Activecollection

PVcells:

PrOdUCedUSingfossilfuels

Wind