广外通选大众传媒与社会例题Word格式.docx

广外通选大众传媒与社会例题Word格式.docx

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2.Akeyeconomicissuesofourtimesiswhetherthecostofgettingontheinformationhighwaywillundermineequalaccess.Mimickingtheeconomicdisparitybetweenrichandpoorthatgrewmorepronouncedduringthe1980sand1990s,theterm__digitaldivide__referstothegrowingcontrastbetween“informationhaves,”ordigitalhighwayuserswhocanaffordtoacquiremultiplemediaservices,and“informationhave-nots,”orpeoplewhomaynotbeabletoaffordacomputerorthemonthlybillsforInternetserviceconnections,muchlessthemanyoptionsnowavailableonthehighway.（p59TheEcomomicsofAccessandtheDigitalDivide）

3.Anewradioformat__cassettes__beginstogainpopularityoverAmericainthe1960s.P73

4.Bythelate1970scablecompaniesrushtowinlocalcable___monopolyrights_acrossU.S..Duringthisprocess,acity（orstate）wouldoutlineitscablesystemneedsandrequestbidsfromcablecompanies.Thenanumberofcompanies---noneofwhichcouldalsoownbroadcaststationsornewspapersinthecommunity---competedfortherighttoinstallandmanagethecablesystem.P201

5.Edisonpatentedseveralinventionsandmanufacturedanewlarge-screensystemcalled_vitascope___,whichenabledfilmstripsoflongerlengthstobeprojectedwithoutinterruption.Unlikethekinetoscope,thisprojectionimprovedviewingforlargeaudiences,hintingatthepotentialofmoviesasafuturemassmedium.（p232第二段）

6.Anothermajordevelopmentintheevolutionoffilmasamassmediumwasthearrivalofmovietheatres.Theywerecalled_nickelodeons_,atermthatcombinestheadmissionpricewiththeGreekwordfor“theatre”.Thesesmallanduncomfortablemakeshifttheatreswereoftenconvertedcigarstores,pawnshops,orrestaurantsredecoratedtomimicvaudevilletheatres.（p233倒数第二段）

7.Bythemid-1940s,theJusticeDepartmentdemandedthatthefivemajorfilmcompanies---Paramount,WarnerBrothers,TwentiethCenturyFox,MGM,andRKO---endverticalintegration.In1948,afteraseriesofcourtappeals,theSupremeCourtruledagainstthefilmindustryinwhatiscommonlyknownasthe__paramountdecision___,forcingthestudiostograduallydivestthemselvestotheirtheatres.P254

8.TheinfluenceofAmericanpopularculturehascreatedconsiderationdebateininternationalcircles.Americanmediaareshapingtheculturesandidentitiesofothernations.Americanstylesinfashionandfood,aswellasmediafare,dominatetheglobalmarket---whatmanycriticshaveidentifiedas___culturalimperialism__.

9.Inobjectivejournalism,whichdistinguishesfactualreportsfromopinioncolumns,modernreportersstrivetomaintainaneutralattitudetowardtheissueoreventtheycover;

theyalsosearchoutcompetingpointsofviewamongthesourcesforastory.Thewritingandrepresentationofthiskindofreportingisoftendesignatedas__inverted-pyramidstyle_.CivilWarcorrespondentsdevelopedthisstylebyimitatingtheterse,compactpressreleasesthatcamefromPresidentLincoln’ssecretaryofwar,EdwinM.Stanton.Oftenstrippedofadverbsandadjectives,reportsbegan---astheydotoday---withthemostdramaticornewsworthyinformation.Theyanswerwho,what,where,when（and,lessfrequently,whyorhow）questionsatthetopofthestoryandthennarrowdowntolesssignificantdetails.Ifwarsornaturaldisastersdisruptedthetelegraphtransmissionsofthesedispatches,theinformationthereporterchosetoleadwithinthestoryoftenhadthebestchanceofgettingthrough.（p279倒数第二段）

10.Aresponsetotheminimal-effectstheory,___theusesandgratificationsmodel__wasproposedinthe1940stocontestthenotionofaudiencepassivity.Underthismodel,researchersstudiedthewaysinwhichpeopleusedthemediatosatisfyvariousemotionalorintellectualneeds.Thismodelrepresentedamiddlepositionbetweenthehypodermic-needlemodelandtheminimal-effectsmodels.（p522倒数第二段）

11.Oneofthemostwell-knownstudiesthatsuggestsalinkbetweenthemassmediaandbehavioristhe_“Bobodoll”_experimentsconductedonchildrenbypsychologistAlbertBanduraandhiscolleaguesatStanfordUniversityinthe1960s.Banduraconcludedthattheexperimentsdemonstratealinkbetweenviolentmediaprograms,suchasthosethatmightbeontelevision,andaggressivebehavior.Andhetheorizedsociallearningasafour-stepprocess:

attention（thesubjectmustattendtothemediaandwitnessaggressivebehavior）,retention（thesubjectmustretainthememoryforlaterretrieval）,motorreproduction（thesubjectmustbeabletophysicallyimitatethebehavior）,andmotivation（theremustbeasocialrewardorreinforcementtoencouragemodelingofthebehavior）.（p527SocialLearningTheory第一段）

12.Sincethemid-1950s,fourmodelsforspeechandjournalismhavebeenusedtocategorizethewidelydifferingideasunderlyingfreeexpressions.Thesemodelsincludetheauthoritarian,communist,libertarian,and__socialresponsibilityconcepts__.Theyaredistinguishedbythelevelsoffreedomtheyallowandbytheattitudesoftherulingandpoliticalclassestowardthefreedomsgrantedtotheaveragecitizen.（p544倒数第二段）

Ⅱ.Choosethebestanswertoeachofthefollowingquestions（2pointseach,30points）：

1．Thehistoricaldevelopmentofmediaandcommunicationcanbetracedthroughseveraloverlappingerasinwhichnewerformsoftechnologyandknowledgedisruptedandmodifiedolderforms.Theseeras,whichallstilloperatestogreaterorlesserdegrees,areoral,print,electronicanddigital.Oralandwrittenformsbeginthedialogue,printedcommunicationspreadstheword,electronicanddigitalcommunicationbringimmediacytothemessage,andtheelectronicanddigitalearsfosteredtheageof_____?

____,whichreferstotheappearanceofoldermediaformsonthenewestmediachannels.

2．In1910,Congresspasses__A_______requiringthatallmajorshipsbeequippedwithwirelessradio.Congressbeginsissuingradiolicensesin1927.Afterintenselobbingbytheradioindustry,Congresspassesanactwhichallowscommercialintereststocontroltheairwaves.In1996,thenewbilleffectsarapid,unprecedentedconsiderationinradioownershipacrosstheUnitedStates.

A．WirelessShipActB．FederalCommunicationsActof1934

C．RadioActof1927D．TelecommunicationsActof1996

3．Forlocalaffiliatestations,syndicatedprogramsareoftenusedorslottedinwhatisknownasfringetime.Syndicationtofilltheseslotscomesintwoforms.First,thereisoff-networksyndication,inwhicholderprograms,nolongerrunningduringnetworkprimetime,aremadeavailableforrerunstolocalstations,cableoperators,onlineservices,andforeignmarkets.Asecondtypeofsyndicationusedtofillfringetimeis___B____,whichisanyprogramthatisspecificallyproducedforsaleintosyndicationmarkets.（p182最后一段）

A.fringesyndicationB.first-runsyndication

C.hybridsyndicationD.off-networksyndication

4.In1883,printerBenjaminDayfounded__B___.Aftercuttingthepricetoonepenny,healsoeliminatedsubscriptions.Thispaper（whosesloganwas“Itshinesforall”）highlightedlocalevents,scandals,andpolicereports.Itssuccessinitiatedawaveofpennypapersthatfavoredhuman-intereststories.B（P273最后一段）

A．NewYorkHeraldB．NewYorkSun

C．NewYorkTribuneD．NewYorkTimes

5.Alifetimechampionofwomenandthepoor,____D____pioneeredwhatwasthencalleddetectiveorstuntjournalism.Herworkinspiredthewholetwentieth-centurypracticeofinvestigativejournalism---fromexposesofoilcorporationsintheearly1900stotheaward-winningWallStreetJournalinvestigationsofbigtobaccocompaniesinthemid-1990s.Forboththepressandthepublic,thistraditionremainsoneofjournalism’smostreveredcontributionstodemocracy.

A.IdaM.TarbellB.LincolnSteffens

C.KarlBernsteinD.NellieBly

6．Theidealofanimpartial,orpurelyinformational,newsandmodelwasreinventedbyAdolphOchsandhisNewYorkTimesin1896.Earlyinthetwentiethcentury,withreportersadoptingamore“scientific”attitudetonews-andfact-gathering,theidealofobjectivitybegantoanchorjournalism.Inobjectivejournalism,whichdistinguishesfactualreportsfromopinioncolumns,modernreportersstrivetomaintainaneutralattitudetowardtheissueoreventtheycover;

theyalsosearchoutcompetingpointsofviewamongthesourcesforastory.Thewritingandrepresentationofthiskindofreportingisoftendesignatedasthe__A___.（p279）

A.theinverted-pyramidstyleB.objectivitymodel

C.literaryformsofjournalismD.precisionjournalism

7．In1848,sixNewYorknewspapersformedacooperativearrangementandfounded_C_,thefirstmajornewswireservice.Itbeganascommercialorganizationsthatrelayednewsstoriesandinformationaroundthecountryandtheworldusingtelegraphlinesand,later,radiowavesanddigitaltransmissions.（p275倒数第二段）

A．ReutersB．Havas

C．theAssociatedPressD．theUnitedPress

8．AmericanAntimonopolylawsconsistofShermanAntitrustActwhichCongresspassesin1890thatoutlawsmonopolypracticesandcorporatetruststhatfixprices,ClaytonAntitrustActwhichCongressstrengthensantitrustlawin1914byprohibitingcompaniesfromsell