语言学基本定义Word下载.docx

语言学基本定义Word下载.docx

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Interchangeability:

anyhumanbeingcanbebothaproducerandreceiverofmessages.

Languagefunction:

informative:

languageistheinstrumentofthought,recordthefacts.Theuseoflanguagetorecordthefactsisaprerequisiteofsocialdevelopment.

Interpersonal:

byfarthemostimportantsociologicaluseoflanguage,andbywhichpeopleestablishandmaintaintheirstatusinasociety.

Performative:

theperformativefunctionoflanguageisprimarilytochangethesocialstatusofpersons

Emotive:

tochangetheemotionalstatusofanaudiencefororagainstsomeoneorsomething.

Phaticcommunion:

weallusesuchsmall,seeminglymeaninglessexpressionstomaintainacomfortablerelationshipbetweenpeoplewithoutinvolvinganyfactualcontents.

Recreational:

therecreationalfunctionofalanguageisoftenoverlookedbecauseitseemssorestrictiveinpurposeandsupposedlysolimitedinusefulness.

Metalingual:

ourlanguagecanbeusedtotalkaboutitself.

Sociolinguistics—thestudyoflanguagewithreferencetosociety.

Psycholinguistics---thestudyoflanguagewithreferencetotheworkingofthemind.

Appliedlinguistics---theapplicationoflinguisticprinciplesandtheoriestolanguageteachingandlearning.

Importantdistinctionsinlinguistics:

规定性Prescriptive.描述性Descriptive/8.共时语言学Synchronicallinguistics7.历时语言学Diachroniclinguistics/5.语言能力Competence6.语言运用performance/9.语言langue10.言语parole/speech,writing/traditionalgrammarandmodernlinguistics

第二章音系学

1Phonology

isthestudyofthesoundpatternsandsoundsystemsoflanguages.Itaimstodiscovertheprinciplesthatgovernthewaysoundsareorganizedinlanguages,andtoexplainthevariationsthatoccur.

2internationalphoneticalphabet

Asetofstandardphoneticsymbolsintheformofachart,designedbytheinternationalphoneticassociationsince1888.Ithasbeenrevisedfromtimetotimetoincludenewdiscoveriesandchangesinphonetictheoryandpractice.

3consonantsandvowels

Consonantareproducedbyaclosureinthevocaltract,orbyanarrowing,whichissomarkedthataircannotescapewithoutproducingaudiblefriction.

Vowelisproducedwithoutsuchstricturesothatairescapesinarelativelyunimpededwaythroughthemouthornose.

4cardinalvowel

Areasetofvowelqualitiesarbitrarilydefined,fixedandunchanging,intendedtoprovideaframeofreferenceforthedescriptionoftheactualvowelsofexistinglanguage.

5anticipatoryandperseverativeco-articulation

whensuchsimultaneousoroverlappingarticulationareinvolved,wecalltheprocessco-articulation.

Ifthesoundbecomesmorelikethefollowingsound,itisknownasanticipatoryco-articulation.Ifthesoundshowstheinfluenceoftheproceedingsound,itisperseverativeco-articulation.

6Phoneme

Thesmallestofsoundwhichcandistinguishtwowords

7Allophones

Differentphoneswhichcanrepresentaphonemeindifferentenvironmentsarecalledtheallophonesofthatphoneme.

8Minimalpair

Aretwowordsinalanguagewhichdifferfromeachotherbyonlyonedistinctivesoundandwhichalsodifferinmeaning.

9freevariation

iftwosoundsoccurringinthesameenvironmentdonotcontrast,thatisthesubstitutionofonefortheotherdoesnotproduceadifferentwordform,butmerelyadifferentpronunciationofthesameword,thenthetwowordsareinfreevariation.

Chapterthree词汇学

Thetotalnumberofwordsstoredinthebrainiscalledthelexicon.

Wordsarethesmallestfreeunitsoflanguagethatunitesoundswithmeaning.

Word:

Aunitofexpressionthathasuniversalintuitiverecognitionbynativespeakers,whetheritisexpressedinspokenorwrittenform.

Lexeme:

theabstractunitunderlyingthesmallestunitinthelexicalsystemofalanguage,whichappearsindifferentgrammaticalcontexts.

Grammatical/Functionalwords:

expressgrammaticalmeanings,suchasconjunctions,prepositions,articles,pronouns.

Lexical/contentwords:

havelexicalmeanings,thosewhichrefertosubstance,actionandquality,suchasnouns,verbs,adjectives,andadverbs.

Open-classwords:

awordgroupwhosemembershipisinprincipleinfiniteorunlimited.Newmemberscanbeadded.

Closed-classwords:

awordgroupwhosemembershipisfixedorlimited,newmembersarenotregularlyadded.

Morphology;

thestudyofwordformation,theinternalstructureofwords,andtherulesbywhichwordsareformed.

Morphemes:

thesmallestunitlanguageintermsofrelationshipbetweenexpressionandcontent,aunitthatcannotbefurtherdividedintosmallerunitswithoutdestroyingordrasticallyalteringthemeaning,whetheritislexicalorgrammatical.

Freemorphemes:

thosethatmayconstitutewordsbythemselves.

Boundmorphemes；

thosethatcannotoccuralone

Root:

thebaseformofawordthatcannotbefurtheranalyzedwithouttotallossofidentity.Itisthatpartofaword-formthatremainswhenalltheinflectionalaffixesandderivationalaffixeshavebeenremoved.

Affix:

thetypesofformative/morphemethatcanbeusedonlywhenaddedtoanothermorpheme.

Base:

anyformtowhichaffixesofanykindcanbeadded;

aformtowhicharuleofwordformationisapplied.

Stem:

thepartofthewordformwhichremainswhenallinflectionalaffixeshavebeenremoved.

Inflection:

indicatesgrammaticalrelationsbyaddinginflectionalaffixes.

Derivation:

combinationofanexistingwordandanaffixtoformanewword.

Compounding/compositionisword-formationprocessconsistingofjoiningtwoormorebasestoformanewunit,acompoundword-AnIntroductiontoModernLinguistics.

Endocentric:

oneelementservesasthehead,ofsamesyntacticclassasthewholetherelationshipof‘akindof’.

Exocentric:

thereisnohead,noelementsisofthesamesyntacticclassasthewhole,sonotarelationshipof‘akindof‘something.

isalsocalled‘affixation’.Itisthemorphologicalprocesswherebygrammaticaloflexicalinformationisaddedtothebase.

Conversion:

isaword-formationprocessbywhichawordisalteredfromonepartofspeechtoantherwithouttheadditionordeletionofanymorpheme.

Allomorph:

somemorphemeshaveasingleforminallcontexts.Butamorphememayhaveconsiderablevariations,alternateshapesorphoneticformscalledtheallomorph.

Blending:

aprocessofword-informationinwhichanewwordisformedbycombiningthemeaningsandsoundsoftwowords,oneofwhichisnotinitsfullformorbothofwhicharenotintheirfullforms.

Back-formation:

ashorterwordisderivedbydeletinganimaginedaffixfromalongerformalreadyinthelanguage.

Acronym:

wordsformedfromtheinitiallettersofthenameofanorganizationorscientificterm,etc.itdiffersfrominitialismsinthattheyarepronouncedaswordsratherthanassequenceofletter.

Initialism:

atypeofshortening,usingthefirstletterofwordstoformapropername,atechnicalterm,orphrase;

aninitialismispronouncedletterbyletter.

Analogicalcreation:

Itcanaccountforthecoexistenceoftwoforms,regularandirregular,ItheconjugationofsomeEnglishverbs.

Loanwords:

bothformandmeaningareborrowedwithonlyaslightadaptation.

Loanblend:

partoftheformisnativeandpartisborrowed,butthemeaningisfullyborrowed.

Chapter4syntax

Syntax:

thestudyoftherulesgoverningthewaywordsarecombinedtoformsentencesinalanguage,orsimplythestudyoftheformationofsentences.

Category:

thetermcategoryinsomeapproachesreferstoclassesandfunctionsinitsnarrowsense.Morespecifically,itreferstothedefiningpropertiesofthesegeneralunits.

Phrase:

isasingleelementofstructurecontainingmorethanoneword,andlackingthesubject-predicatestructuretypicalofclause.

Wordgroupisanextensionofwordofaparticularclassbywayofmodificationwithitsmainfeaturesoftheclassunchanged.

Clause:

aconstituentwithitsownsubjectsandpredicatewhenitisincludedinalagersentence.

Syntagmaticisarelationbetweenoneitemandothersinasequenceorbetweenelementswhichareallpresent.

Paradigmaticrelationreferstoclassesorsetsofwordssubstitutableforeachothergrammaticallyinsentenceswiththesamestructure.

grammaticalconstruction;

anysyntacticconstructwhichisassignedoneormoreconventionalfunctionsinalanguage,togetherwithwhateverislinguisticallyconventionalizedaboutitscontributiontothemeaningorusetheconstructcontains.

constituentisatermusedinstructuralsentenceanalysisforeverylinguisticunit,whichisapartofalargerlinguisticunit.Severalconstituentstogetherformaconstruction.

Anendocentricconstructionisonewhosedistributionisfunctionallyequivalenttooneofitsconstituents,whichservesasthecenterorheadofthewhole.

Exocentricconstructionreferst