四级真题第三套Word格式.docx

四级真题第三套Word格式.docx

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oneistotakeajobinacompanyandtheothertogotoagraduateschool.Youaretomakeachoicebetweenthetwo.Writeanessaytoexplainthereasonsforyourchoice.Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsbutnomorethan180words.

ListeningComprehension（30minutes）

卷三听力局部与卷二一样。

Part

ReadingComprehension（40minutes）

SectionA

Inthissection,thereisapassagewithtenblanks.Youarerequiredtoselectonewordforeachblankfromalistofchoicesgiveninawordbankfollowingthepassage.Readthepassagethroughcarefullybeforemakingyourchoices.Eachchoiceinthebankisidentifiedbyaletter.PleasemarkthecorrespondingletterforeachitemonAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Youmaynotuseanyofthewordsinthebankmorethanonce.

Questions26to35arebasedonthefollowingpassage.

Whensomeonecommitsacriminalact,wealwayshopethepunishmentwillmatchtheoffense.Butwhenitcomestooneofthecruelestcrimes-animalfighting-things26　workoutthatway.Dog-fightingvictimsare　27　andkilledforprofitand“sport,〞yettheircriminalabusersoftenreceivea　28sentenceforcausingalifetimeofpain.Roughlyhalfofallfederally-convictedanimalfightersonlygetprobation〔缓刑〕.

Someprogresshasbeenmadeintheprosecution〔起诉〕ofanimalfighters.ButfederaljudgesoftenrelyheavilyontheU.S.SentencingGuidelineswhenthey　29　penalties,andinthecaseofanimalfighting,thoseguidelinesareoutdatedandextremely　30　.

TheU.S.SentencingCommission,which　31　thesesentencingguidelines,isrevisitingthem,proposingtoraisetheminimumsentencefrom6-12to21-27months,Thisisastepintheright　32　,butwe’dliketoseetheU.S.SentencingCommissionmakefurtherchangestotheguidelines.

Alongwiththiseffort,we’reworkingwithanimaladvocatesandstateandfederallawmakersto　33anti-crueltylawsacrossthecountry,aswellassupportinglawsandpoliciesthatassistbecausethehighanimal　34thatcareforanimalfightingvictims.Thishelpis　35　importantbecausethehighcostofcaringforanimalvictimsisamajorfactorthatpreventspeoplefromgettinginvolvedincrueltycasesinthefirstplace.

注意：

此局部试题请在答题卡2上作答。

A）convenient

B）creates

C）critically

D）determine

E）direction

F）hesitate

G）inadequate

H）inspired

I）method

J）minimal

K）rarely

L）shelters

M）strengthen

N）sufferings

O）tortured

SectionB

Inthissection,youaregoingtoreadapassagewithtenstatementsattachedtoit.Eachstatementcontainsinformationgiveninoneoftheparagraphs.Identifytheparagraphfromwhichtheinformationisderived.Youmaychooseaparagraphmorethanonce.Eachparagraphismarkedwithaletter.AnswerthequestionbymarkingthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2.

WhenWorkBecomesaGame

[A]Whatmotivatesemployeestodotheirjobswell?

Competitionwithcoworkers,forsome.Thepromiseofrewards,forothers.Pureenjoymentofproblem-solving,foraluckyfew.

[B]Increasingly,companiesaretappingintothesedesiresdirectlythroughwhathascometobeknownas“gamification〞:

essentially,turningworkintoagame.“Gamificationisaboutunderstandingwhatitisthatmakesgamesengagingandwhatgamedesignersdotocreateagreatexperienceingames,andtakingthoselearningsandapplyingthemtoothercontextssuchastheworkplaceandeducation,〞explainsKevinWerbach,agamificationexpertwhoteachesattheWhartonSchoolofBusinessattheUniversityofPennsylvaniaintheUnitedStates.

[C]Itmightmeanmonitoringemployeeproductivityonadigitalleaderboardandofferingprizestothewinners,orgivingemployeesdigitalbadgesorstarsforcompletingcertainactivities.Itcouldalsomeantrainingemployeeshowtodotheirjobsthroughvideogameplatforms.CompaniesfromGoogletoL’Oré

altoIBMtoWellsFargoareknowntousesomedegreeofgamificationintheirworkplaces.Andmoreandmorecompaniesarejoiningthem.Arecentreportsuggeststhattheglobalgamificationmarketwillgrowfrom$1.65billionin2015to$11.1billionby2020.

[D]Theconceptofgamificationisnotentirelynew,Werbachsays.Companies,marketersandteachershavelonglookedforfunwaystoengagepeople’sreward-seekingorcompetitivespirits.CrackerJackshasbeen“gamifying〞itssnackfoodbyputtingasmallprizeinsideformorethan100years,headds,andtheturn-of-the-centurysteelmagnate〔巨头〕CharlesSchwabissaidtohaveoftencomeintohismotivatingthenextshiftofworkerstobeatthepreviousone.

[E]Buttheword“gamification〞andthewidespread,consciousapplicationoftheconceptonlybeganinearnestaboutfiveyearsago,Werbachsays.Thanksinparttovideogames,thegenerationnowenteringtheworkforceisespeciallyopentotheideaofhavingtheirworkgamified.“Weareatapointwhereinmuchofthedevelopedworldthevastmajorityofyoungpeoplegrewupplayingvideogames,andanincreasinglyhighpercentageofadultplaythesevideogamestoo,〞Werbachsays.

[F]Anumberofcompanieshavesprungup-GamEffective,BunchballandBadgeville,tonameafew-inrecentyearsofferinggamificationplatformsforbusinesses.Theplatformsthataremosteffectiveturnemployees’ordinaryjobtasksintopartofarichadventurenarrative.“Whatmakesagamemage-likeisthattheplayeractuallycaresabouttheoutcome,〞Werbachsays.Theprincipleisaboutunderstandingwhatismotivatingtothisgroupofplayers,whichrequiressomeunderstandingofpsychology.

[G]Somepeople,Werbachsays,aremotivatedbycompetition.Salespeopleoftenfallintothiscategory.Forthem,therightkindofgamificationmightbeturningtheirsalespitchesintoacompetitionwithotherteammembers,completewithadigitalleaderboardshowingwhoiswinningatalltimes.Othersaremoremotivatedbycollaborationandsocialexperiences.OnecompanyWerbachhasstudiedusesgamificationtocreateasenseofcommunityandboostemployees’morale（士气）.Whenemployeeslogintotheircomputers,they’reshownapictureofoneoftheircoworkersandaskedtoguessthatperson’sname.

[H]Gamificationdoesnothavetobedigital.MonicaCornettirunsacompanythatgamifiesemployeetrainings.Sometimesthisinvolvestechnology,butoftenitdoesnot.Sherecentlydesignedagamificationstrategyforasalestrainingcompanywithastorm-chasingtheme.Employeesformed“stormchaserteams〞andcompetedinstorm-themededucationalexercisestoearnvariousrewards.“Rewardsdonothavetobestuff,〞Cornettisays.“Rewardscanbeflexibleworkinghours.〞Anothertraining,thisoneforpayrolllaw,usedaSnowWhiteandtheSevenDwarfstheme.“SnowWhite〞isavailableforeveryonetouse,butthe“dwarfs〞arestillundercopyright,soCornettiinventedsound-alikecharacters（GrumpyGuys,DopeyDan）toillustratespecificpayrolllawprinciples.

[I]Somepeopledonottakenaturallytogamifiedworkenvironments,Cornettisays.Inherexperience,peopleinpositionsofpowerofpeopleinfinanceorengineeringdonottendtolikethesoundoftheword.“Ifwearedesigningforengineers,I’mnottalkingabouta‘game’atall〞,Cornettisays.“I’mtalkingabouta‘simulation’（模拟）,I’mtalkingabout‘beingabletosolvethisproblem.’〞

[J]Gamificationis“notamagicbullet,〞Werbachwarns.Agamificationstrategythatisnotsufficientlythoughtthroughorwelltailoredtoitsplayersmayengagepeopleforalittlewhile,butitwillnotmotivatepeopleinthelongterm.Itcanalsobeexploitive,especiallywhenusedwithvulnerablepopulations.Forworkers,especiallylow-paidworkers,whodesperatelyneedtheirjobsyetknowtheycanbeeasilyreplaced,gamificationmayfeelmoreliketheHungerGames.WerbachgivestheexampleofseveralDisneylandhotelsinAnaheim,California,whichusedlargedigitalleaderboardstodisplayhowefficientlylaundryworkerswereworkingcomparedtooneanother.Someemployeesfoundtheboardmotivating.Toothers,itwastheoppositeoffun.Somebegantostoptakingbathroombreaks,worriedthatiftheirproductivityfelltheywouldbefired.Pregnantemployeesstruggledtokeepup.InaLosAngelesTimesarticle,oneemployeereferredtotheboardasa“digitalwhip.〞“Itactuallyhadaverynegativeeffectonmoraleandperformance,〞Werbachsays.

[K]Still,gamificationonlystandstobecomemorepopular,hesays,“asmoreandmorepeoplecomeintotheworkforcewhoarefamiliarwiththestructuresandexpressionsofdigitalgames.〞“Wearefarfromreachingpeak,〞Cornettiagrees.“Thereisnoreasonthiswillgoaway.〞

36.Somefamouscompaniesarealreadyusinggamificationandmorearetryingtodothesame.

37.Gamificationisnotamiraclecureforallworkplacesasitmayhavenegativeresults.

38.Toenhancemorale,onecompanyasksitsemployeestoidentifytheirfellowworkerswhenstartingtheircomputers.

39.Theideaofgamifacationwaspracticedbysomebusinessesmorethanacenturyago.

40.Thereisreasontobelievethatgamificationwillbeheretostay.

41.Videogamescontributedinsomewaystothewideapplicationofgamification.

42.Whenturningworkintoagame,itisnecessarytounderstandwhatmakesgamesinteresting.

43.Gamificationinemployeetrainingdoesnotalwaysneedtechnology.

44.Themostsuccessfulgamificationplatformstransformdailyworkassignmentsintofunexperiences.

45.Itisnecessarytousetermsotherthan“gamification〞forsomeprofessions.

SectionC

Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfi