大二期末英语写作总结Word下载.docx

大二期末英语写作总结Word下载.docx

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▪ontime

▪blowup

▪lookinto

▪Formal/technicalwords

▪identical

▪Oration

▪Erudite

▪Annihilate

▪Rigid

▪Endeavour

▪Fragment

▪deliveraspeech

▪Assist

▪Grateful

▪Purchase

▪Utilize

▪Terminate

▪Punctual

▪Explode

▪investigate

2.3Nonstandardwords:

vDefinition:

usedbypeoplewhoarenotwelleducatedorbypeopleofspecialgroups,suchasregionoragegroup.

v2.3.1Slang

veryinformalwords,phrases,etccommonlyusedinspeech,esp.betweenpeoplefromthesamesocialgrouporwhoworktogether,notconsideredsuitableforformalcontextsandoftennotinuseforlong.E.g.Cop;

buddy;

guy;

Baby-sitter.

2.3.2Jargon

Jargonreferstotechnicalorspecializedwordsusedbyaparticulargroupofpeopleanddifficultforotherstounderstand.E.g.偶，9494，顶，东东，大虾，表，BF，GF，886，bridge（网桥:

）broadband（宽带）：

DNS（域名系统）：

Download（下载）：

FileTransferProtocol（FTP）（文件传输协议）：

Gateway（网关）：

IPAddress（IP地址）：

Upload（上载）：

Hypertext（超文本）：

Host（主机）：

DomainNameSystem（域名系统）：

2.3.3Dialect

Dialectisaformoflanguageusedinapartofacountryorbyaclassofpeople.E.g.Goodymate;

it’smyshout;

howareyougoing?

2.3.4Obsoletewords

Obsoletewordsarethewordsthatareoutofdateornolongerused.E.g.Thy;

Thee;

rouseabout;

jumbucker

3.choiceofwords

▪3.1commonorinformalwords

▪commonorinformalwordsforgeneralpurposes

▪3.2formalornonstandard

▪formalornonstandardwordsonlyonspecialoccasionsorforspecialpurposes.

▪3.3Specificorconcrete

▪Specificorconcretewordsfordetails

▪3.4generalorabstractwords

▪generalorabstractwordsforsummaries（page2）

General

Horse

Sheep

Pig/swine

Cattle

animal

Laugh

Big

scientisy

▪specific

▪stallion,mare,pony

▪ram,ewe,lamb

▪boar,sow,piggy

▪bull/ox,cow,calf

tiger,horse,fox,cat,mouse,bird,butterfly,insect

chuckle,guffaw,giggle,roar,smile,grin,beam

Huge,great,large,vast,immense,enormous,tremendous

Physicist,chemist,biologist,astronomer,geologist,mathematician

3.5Idiomaticexpressionsandwords

IdiomaticexpressionsandwordsrefertothecollocationsandidiomswhichareusedinEnglishwriting;

Weshouldavoidcombinationsthatareunidiomatic;

▪Acquireknowledge;

Getajob;

Achievesuccess;

Gainreputation;

Attainone`send;

Invitationto;

Keyto

▪Unidiomatic

▪Goodgoodstudy,daydayup

▪Peoplemountainpeoplesea

▪Studyknowledge

▪Threegoodstudent

▪Talklovewith

▪Idiomatic

▪Nopains,nogains

▪Factsspeaklouderthanwords

▪Longtimenosee

▪Don’tkeepupwiththeJoneses

▪Fallinlovewith…

▪Exercises:

Idiomaticexpressions（thefollowingsentencesarenotidiomatic,improvethem.）

▪HerEnglishisbad.

▪Myfamilyissimple.

▪Pleaseeatanythingyoulike.

▪Hisbodywassostrongthatheseldomfellill

▪HerEnglishispoor.

▪Myfamilyissmall.

▪Pleasehelpyourself.

▪Hewassostrongthatheseldomfellill.

▪3.6Synonyms（page3）

arewordsthathavethesameorsimilarmeanings.

▪help

▪wish

▪begin

▪child

▪freedom

▪meal

▪hide

▪love

▪happiness

▪hearty

▪little

▪little

▪except

▪big

▪Aid;

assist

▪Desire

▪commence

▪infant

▪liberty

▪repast

▪conceal

▪charity

▪Felicity

▪Cordial

▪Small

▪few

▪Besides

▪large

Chapter3Makingcorrectandeffectivesentences

1.Correctsentences

1,completenessinstructure

2.therightsubject

3.agreementbetweenthesubjectandthepredicateverb

4.agreementbetweenpronounandantecedent

5.clearpronounreference

6.endingsentenceswithfullstops

7.joiningclauseswithconjunctions

8.amainclauseinacomplexsentences

9,properuseofcomparisons

10.correctuseofthetenses

3.1Coordination

Coordination:

Theformofmethodthatconnectstwosentences,whichareofequalimportance,byjoiningthemwithacoordinatingconjunctioniscalledcoordination./Whentwoormorethingsorideasofequalimportancearementioned,coordinateclausesjoinedwithacoordinatingconjunctionareused（and,but,or,nor,yet,so,andso,ratherthan,either…or…,neither…nor…,notonly…butalso…for,）thisformormethodiscalledcoordination.

3.2Subordination

Subordinationreferstothemethodbywhichamainandimportantideaisstated,atthesametimeoneormorelessimportantideasisorareexpressedinsubordinateclauses./Whenanimportantideainamainclauseandoneormorelessimportantideasinsubordinateclausesareexpressed,onepartismoreimportantthantheotherparts,thoselessimportantpartsshouldbeexpressedwithsubordinateclause.Thismethodiscalledsubordination.（thatwhowhichwherewhen…）

Relativepronounsandrelativeadverbswhichcanleadclauses:

▪Subjectiveclause:

that,what,how,when,where,which…,whether（butnotif）,how,who,whose…,itis（was）…subjectiveclause;

▪Objectiveclause:

that（canbeomitted）,what,how,when,where,which…,whether（butnotif）,how,who,whom,whose…;

▪Adverbialclause（10kinds）:

a.Adverbialoftime:

when,whattime,while,as,whenever,before,after,nosooner…than…,hardly…when…,not…until/till…,assoonas,till/until,since;

b.Adverbialofplace:

where,wherever,everywhere

c.Adverbialofcondition:

if,unless,providingthat,providedthat,supposing,supposethat,aslongas,onconditionthat,incase;

onlyif,once;

d.Adverbialofreason:

because,since,as,for,seeingthat,nowthat,consideringthat,inthat;

e.Adverbialofconcession:

though,although,evenif,ifeventhough,while,whereas,whether…or（not）…,whatever,how…….ever,

f.Adverbialofmanner:

as,justas,asif,asthough;

g.Adverbialofcomparison:

as…as…,thesameas,such…as…,notso…as,than;

h.Adverbialofpurpose:

so…that…,inorderthat…,lest,forfearthat,incase;

i.Adverbialofresult:

so…that…,such…that…,so,that,

2.1Requirementsofeffectivesentences:

2.1.1Unity

onemainideaandtheideaiscomplete.

E.g.×

BorninSichuanprovince,helaterbecameafamouswriter.×

Iwasbornin1970,soIwenttoxi’an.

2.1.2Coherence

clearandcorrectarrangementofthepartsofasentence.Easytounderstand,itsmeaningcannotbemistaken,becausetheconnectionbetweenitswordsconformstogrammarrulesandusage.Anincoherentsentenceisoftenhardtounderstandandmaybeinterpretedindifferentways.（p.62）

Sixprinciplesofmakingasentencecoherent

1Don’tseparatewordsthatarecloselyrelatedunlessitisnecessary;

2Don’tuseapronounwithambiguousreference;

3Don’tuseadanglingmodifierorputamodifierfarfromtheworditmodifies;

4Don’tmakeunnecessaryorconfusingshiftsinpersonornumber;

5Don’tmakeunnecessarychangesinthevoice,tenseormoodofverbs;

6Don’tusedifferentformstoexpressparallelideas.

2.1.3Conciseness

oneoftherulesofsentencemakingistouseonlythenecessarywordstoexpresstheideaclearly.（p29）e.g.×

Ilikeanimalpets.×

Shewasagirlandnolessthan18yearsold.

vFiveprinciplesofConciseness:

v2.1.3.1Useapronouninsteadofrepeatinganoun;

v2.1.3.2Useawordinsteadofaphrasewiththesamemeaning,anduseaphraseinsteadofclausewiththesamemeaning;

v2.1.3.3don’trepeatwordsorphrases,ifpossible,inasentenceorinonethatfollows;

v2.1.3.4don’tusedifferentwordsorphraseswithsimilarmeaninginthesamesentence;

v2.1.3.5Don’trepeatthesameideaindifferentsentencesexceptforemphasis.Exercises:

2.1.4Emphasis

●tomaketheideamoreimportantortheevidencemoreconvincing.

●2.1.4.1Placing:

thebeginningandtheend.E.g.TheAmericanssaythatChinaisthemostchallengingcountrytotheUSA.E.g.Amongthe50studentsinmyclass,noonecouldhavewrittensuchaniceessaybutTom.

●2.1.4.2activevoice

●2.1.4.3Climaticsequence:

fromleastimportanttomostimportant

●2.1.4.4Subordination

●2.1.4.5Repeatingimportantwords

●2.1.4.6Balancedsentences:

Asentenceconsistsoftwopartswhichareofthesameimportance,thesamestructureandthesamelengthwithcontrastedorsimilarideas.

●2.1.4.7Periodicsentences:

isonethatisnotcompleteinstructureuntilitreachesthelastword,whichisthemostimportantwordofthesentence.

●2.1.4.8Negative-positivestatements:

Negative→positive

●2.1.4.9Rhetoricalquestions

2.1.5Variety

●Definition:

thewaytoexpressone’sideawithdifferentsentencepatternsanddifferentsentencestructures,mixingshortandlong,simpleandcompoundorcomplex,looseandperiodicsentencesinapassage.Trytouseasmorecoordinationandsubordination,invertedsentencepattern,emphaticsentencepatternaspossible.

●Waysofvariety:

●2.1.5.1Subordination

●2.1.5.2Participle,infinite,prepositionalphrasesandadverbs

●2.1.5.3Appositive

●2.1.5.4Emphasizedsentencepattern:

seldom,never,rarely,often,well,manyatime,invain,notonly,notuntil,hardly,scarcely,nosooner…than…,only,so+adverb/adjective,no,So…that…,nosooner…than….

●2.1.5.5