戴伟栋新编简明英语语言学教程笔记文档格式.docx
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Semantics-----thestudyofmeaning.
Pragmatics----thestudyofmeaninginthecontextoflanguageuse.
Abovearemadeupofthecoreoflinguistics
Sociolinguistics-----thestudyofallsocialaspectsoflanguageanditsrelationwithsocietyfromthecoreofthebranch.
Psycholinguistics-----thestudyoflanguageprocessing,comprehendingandproduction,aswellaslanguageacquisition.
Appliedlinguistics-----theapplicationoflinguistictheoriesandprinciplestolanguageteaching,especiallytheteachingofforeignandsecondlanguages.
3.Someimportantdistinctionsinlinguistics.
(1)prescriptivevs.descriptive
prescriptive----thelinguisticstudyaimstolaydownrulesfor“correctandstandard”behaviorinusinglanguage,i.e.totellpeoplewhattheyshouldsayandwhattheyshouldnotsay.
Descriptive----thelinguisticstudyaimstodescribeandanalyzethelanguagepeopleactuallyuse.
Modernlinguisticsismostlydescriptive.
(2)Synchronicvs.diachronic
Synchronic----thedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointoftimeinhistory.
Diachronic----thedescriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtime----thehistoricaldevelopmentoflanguageoveraperiodoftime----anothername:
historicallinguistics.
Asynchronicapproachenjoyspriorityoveradiachronicone.
(3)Speechvs.writing
Twomajormediaoflinguisticcommunication
Speechispriortowriting:
(1)writingsystemisalways“invented”byitsuserstorecordspeech.
(2)speechplaysagreaterrolethanwritingininformationconveyance.
(3)speechisacquiredasmothertonguewhilewritingislearnedandtaught.
(4)speechrevealstruefeaturesofhumanspeechwhilewritinglanguageisonlythe“revised”recordofspeech.
(4)Languevs.parole
ProposedbySwisslinguist----F.deSaussure----sociologicalview.
Purpose:
discovertheregularitiesgoverningtheactualuseoflanguageandmakethemthesubjectsofstudyoflinguistics.
Langue----theabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofsspeechcommunity.----abstract&
stable.
Parole-----therealizationoflanguageinactualuse----concrete&
varied
(5)Competencevs.performance
ProposedbyAmericanlinguistNoamChomsky----psychologicalview
discoverandspecifytheinternalizedsetsofrules.
Competence----theidealuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage.
Performance----theactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication.
(6)Traditionalgrammarandmodernlinguistics
Thebeginningofmodernlinguistics--thepublicationofSaussure’s“CourseinGeneralLinguistics”inearly20th
Modernlinguisticsdifferstraditionalgrammar:
(1)descriptivevs.prescriptive.
(2)spokenlanguagevs.writtenlanguage.
(3)MLdoesn’tforcelanguagesintoaLatin-basedframework.
PartTwo----Whatislanguage?
1.Definition----languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.
System----elementsoflanguagearecombinedaccordingtorules.
Arbitrary----thereisnointrinsicconnectionbetweenalinguisticsymbolandwhatsymbolstandsfor.
Vocal----theprimarymediumforalllanguageissound.
Human----languageishuman-specific.
2.Designfeatures----proposedbyAmericanlinguistCharlesHockett.(5/12)
Designfeatures:
thedefiningpropertiesofhumanlanguagethatdistinguishitfromanyanimalsystemofcommunication-----human-specific.
(1)Arbitrariness----thereisnologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningsandsounds.
Exceptions:
Onomatopoeicwordsandsomecompoundwordsarenotentirearbitrary.
(2)Productivity----languageiscreativeinthatitmakespossibletheconstructionandinterpretationofnewsignalsbyitsusers----userscanproduceandunderstandsentencesthattheyhaveneverheardbefore.
(3)Duality----(anothername:
doublearticulation.)Languageisasystemwhichconsistsoftwosetsofstructures,ortwolevels.Thelowerleveristhestructureofmeaninglesssoundsandthehigherlevelisthestructureofmeaning.----sound&
meaning
(4)Displacement----languagecanbeusedtorefertothingswhicharepresentornotpresent,realorimaginedmattersinthepast,present,orfuture,inafarawayplaces------Itdoesn’tmatterhowfarawaythetopicisofconversationisintimeorspace-----freefromthebarrierscausedbyseparationintimeandplace.
(5)Culturaltransmission----thecapacityforlanguageisgeneticallybasedwhilethedetailsofandlanguagesystemshouldbetaughtandlearned.-----languageispasseddownfromonegenerationtothenextthroughteachingandlearning,ratherthanbyinstinct.
3.Thefunctionsoflanguage.
(1)Informative:
Themainfunctionoflanguagethatwhenpeopleuselanguagetocommunicatewitheachother,theirexperienceintherealworld,recordordescribethe“content”ofthereality,theyareactuallytakingadvantageofthisfunction.----themostimportantfunction.
(2)Interpersonal:
peopleestablishandmaintaintheiridentityinthesocietybythisfunction.
(3)Performative:
thisisafunctionwherebythelanguageinfluencesdirectlyonthereality,suchasthesentenceofimprisonmentbythejudge,thenamingofacertainshipandthecursesasbelievedbytheancientpeople.
(4)Emotive:
thisfunctionisperformedbythoselinguisticelementsusedtoexpressstrongfeelings,suchasexclamatoryexpressions.
(5)Phatic:
thisisfunctionrealizedbythose“Phaticlanguage”,aimingtoestablishingaharmoniousandintimaterelationshipamongpeople.ExamplesinChinese:
吃了没?
inEnglish:
Goodnorning.&
Aniceday,isn’tit?
(6)Recreational:
Thisfunctionmeansthatsometimespeoplemayenjoylanguageforlanguage’ssake,i.e.nousinglanguageinanypracticalpurposes,suchastongue-twistersandchildren’sbabblesandchanter’schanting.
(7)Metalingual:
peoplemayuselanguagetotalkabout,explainorevenchangelanguageitself.Thisisthemetalingualfunctionoflanguage.Forexample,wemayuse“book”torefertotheexistingobjectintherealworld,andyetmayalsouse“thewordbook”tostandbytheconcept“book”asembodiedinlanguage.
Chapter2:
Phonology
PartOne:
ThephonicMediumofLanguage
Linguistsconcernonlywiththesoundsthatareproducedbyhumansthroughtheirspeechorgansandhavearoletoplayinlinguisticcommunication.
phonicmedium:
Themeaningfulspeechsoundinhumancommunication.
Speechsounds:
theindividualsoundswithinphonicmediumarethespeechsounds.
PartTwo:
Phonetics
1.Whatisphonetics?
phonetics:
Thestudyofphonicmediumoflanguageanditisconcernedwithallsoundsintheworld’slanguages.
Classification:
articulatoryphonetics:
Itstudiessoundsfromthespeaker’spointofview,i.e.howaspeakeruseshisspeechorganstoarticulatethesounds.-------speaker
auditoryphonetics:
Thestudiessoundsfromthehearer’spointofview,i.e.howthesoundsareperceivedbythehearer.-----hearer
acousticphonetics:
Itstudiesthewaysoundstravelbylookingatthesoundwaves,thephysicalmeansbywhichsoundsaretransmittedthroughtheairfromonepersontoanother.-----physicalproperties
2.OrgansofSpeech
1thepharyngealcavity----throat.
2theoralcavity-------------mouth.------tongue:
mostflexible.
3thenasalcavity-----------nose.InEnglish,therearethreenasalsounds,namely,[m],[n],[η].
voicing:
thewaythatsoundsareproducedwiththevibrationofthevocalcords.
voiceless:
thewaythatsoundsareproducedwithnovibrationofthevocalcords.
3.Orthographicrepresentationofspeechsounds----broadandnarrowtranscriptions.
IPA:
shortforInternationalPhoneticAlphabets,asystemofsymbolsconsistsoflettersanddiacritics,usedtorepresentthepronunciationofwordsinanylanguage.
broadtranscription:
Theuseoflettersymbolsonlytoshowthesoundsorsoundssequencesinwrittenform.
narrowtranscription:
Theuseoflettersymbol,togetherwiththediacriticstoshowsoundsinwrittenform.
diacritics:
Thesymbolsusedinthenarrowtranscriptiontoshowdetailedarticulatoryfeaturesofsounds.
aspiration:
Alittlepuffofairthatsometimesfollowsaspeechsound.
4.ClassificationofEnglishSpeechSounds
consonant:
aspeechsoundinwhichtheairstreamisobstructedinonewayoranother.
vowel:
aspeechsoundinwhichtheairstreamfromthelungmeetswithnoobstruction.
1ClassificationofEnglishconsonants:
1Mannerofarticulation:
Themannerinwhichobstructioniscreated.
Stops:
[p],[b],[t],[d],[k],[g].
Fricatives:
[f],[v],[s],[z],[θ],[],[∫][3],[h].
Affricates:
[t∫],[d3]
Liquids:
[l],[r].
Nasals:
[m],[n],[η]
Glides:
[w],[j].------semi-vowels
2placeofarticulation:
Theplacewhereobstructioniscreated.
Bilabial:
[p],[b],[m],[w].
Labiodental:
[f],[v]
Dental:
[θ],[]
Alveolar:
[t],[d],[s],[z],[n],[l],