戴伟栋新编简明英语语言学教程笔记文档格式.docx

1、Semantics-the study of meaning.Pragmatics-the study of meaning in the context of language use.Above are made up of the core of linguisticsSociolinguistics-the study of all social aspects of language and its relation with society from the core of the branch.Psycholinguistics-the study of language pro

2、cessing, comprehending and production, as well as language acquisition.Applied linguistics-the application of linguistic theories and principles to language teaching , especially the teaching of foreign and second languages.3. Some important distinctions in linguistics.（1） prescriptive vs. descripti

3、veprescriptive-the linguistic study aims to lay down rules for “correct and standard” behavior in using language, i.e. to tell people what they should say and what they should not say.Descriptive-the linguistic study aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use.Modern linguistics is

4、 mostly descriptive.（2） Synchronic vs. diachronicSynchronic-the description of a language at some point of time in history.Diachronic-the description of a language as it changes through time-the historical development of language over a period of time-another name: historical linguistics.A synchroni

5、c approach enjoys priority over a diachronic one.（3） Speech vs. writingTwo major media of linguistic communicationSpeech is prior to writing: （1）writing system is always “invented” by its users to record speech.（2）speech plays a greater role than writing in information conveyance.（3）speech is acquir

6、ed as mother tongue while writing is learned and taught.（4）speech reveals true features of human speech while writing language is only the “revised” record of speech.（4） Langue vs. paroleProposed by Swiss linguist-F. de Saussure-sociological view.Purpose: discover the regularities governing the actu

7、al use of language and make them the subjects of study of linguistics.Langue-the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of s speech community.-abstract & stable.Parole-the realization of language in actual use-concrete & varied（5） Competence vs. performanceProposed by American linguist

8、 Noam Chomsky-psychological view discover and specify the internalized sets of rules.Competence-the ideal users knowledge of the rules of his language.Performance-the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.（6） Traditional grammar and modern linguisticsThe beginning of moder

9、n linguistics- the publication of Saussures “Course in General Linguistics” in early 20thModern linguistics differs traditional grammar: （1） descriptive vs. prescriptive.（2） spoken language vs. written language.（3）ML doesnt force languages into a Latin-based framework.Part Two-What is language?1. De

10、finition-language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.System-elements of language are combined according to rules.Arbitrary-there is no intrinsic connection between a linguistic symbol and what symbol stands for.Vocal-the primary medium for all language is sound.Human

11、-language is human-specific.2. Design features-proposed by American linguist Charles Hockett.（5/12）Design features: the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication-human-specific.（1） Arbitrariness-there is no logical connection between meanings a

12、nd sounds.Exceptions: Onomatopoeic words and some compound words are not entire arbitrary.（2） Productivity-language is creative in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users-users can produce and understand sentences that they have never heard before.（3） D

13、uality-（another name: double articulation.） Language is a system which consists of two sets of structures, or two levels. The lower lever is the structure of meaningless sounds and the higher level is the structure of meaning.-sound & meaning（4） Displacement-language can be used to refer to things w

14、hich are present or not present, real or imagined matters in the past, present, or future, in a faraway places- It doesnt matter how far away the topic is of conversation is in time or space-free from the barriers caused by separation in time and place.（5） Cultural transmission-the capacity for lang

15、uage is genetically based while the details of and language system should be taught and learned.-language is passed down from one generation to the next through teaching and learning, rather than by instinct.3. The functions of language.（1） Informative: The main function of language that when people

16、 use language to communicate with each other, their experience in the real world, record or describe the “content” of the reality, they are actually taking advantage of this function.-the most important function.（2） Interpersonal: people establish and maintain their identity in the society by this f

17、unction.（3） Performative: this is a function whereby the language influences directly on the reality, such as the sentence of imprisonment by the judge, the naming of a certain ship and the curses as believed by the ancient people.（4） Emotive: this function is performed by those linguistic elements

18、used to express strong feelings, such as exclamatory expressions.（5） Phatic: this is function realized by those “Phatic language”, aiming to establishing a harmonious and intimate relationship among people. Examples in Chinese:吃了没？in English: Good norning. & A nice day, isnt it?（6） Recreational: Thi

19、s function means that sometimes people may enjoy language for languages sake, i.e. no using language in any practical purposes, such as tongue-twisters and childrens babbles and chanters chanting.（7） Metalingual: people may use language to talk about, explain or even change language itself. This is

20、the metalingual function of language. For example, we may use “book” to refer to the existing object in the real world, and yet may also use “the word book” to stand by the concept “book” as embodied in language.Chapter 2: PhonologyPart One: The phonic Medium of LanguageLinguists concern only with t

21、he sounds that are produced by humans through their speech organs and have a role to play in linguistic communication.phonic medium : The meaningful speech sound in human communication.Speech sounds: the individual sounds within phonic medium are the speech sounds.Part Two: Phonetics1. What is phone

22、tics?phonetics : The study of phonic medium of language and it is concerned with all sounds in the worlds languages.Classification:articulatory phonetics : It studies sounds from the speakers point of view, i.e. how a speaker uses his speech organs to articulate the sounds. -speakerauditory phonetic

23、s: The studies sounds from the hearers point of view, i.e. how the sounds are perceived by the hearer.-heareracoustic phonetics: It studies the way sounds travel by looking at the sound waves, the physical means by which sounds are transmitted through the air from one person to another.-physical pro

24、perties2. Organs of Speech1 the pharyngeal cavity-throat.2 the oral cavity-mouth.-tongue: most flexible.3 the nasal cavity-nose. In English, there are three nasal sounds, namely, m, n, .voicing: the way that sounds are produced with the vibration of the vocal cords.voiceless: the way that sounds are

25、 produced with no vibration of the vocal cords.3. Orthographic representation of speech sounds-broad and narrow transcriptions.IPA: short for International Phonetic Alphabets, a system of symbols consists of letters and diacritics, used to represent the pronunciation of words in any language.broad t

26、ranscription: The use of letter symbols only to show the sounds or sounds sequences in written form.narrow transcription: The use of letter symbol, together with the diacritics to show sounds in written form.diacritics: The symbols used in the narrow transcription to show detailed articulatory featu

27、res of sounds.aspiration: A little puff of air that sometimes follows a speech sound.4. Classification of English Speech Soundsconsonant: a speech sound in which the air stream is obstructed in one way or another.vowel : a speech sound in which the air stream from the lung meets with no obstruction.

28、1 Classification of English consonants:1 Manner of articulation: The manner in which obstruction is created.Stops: p, b, t, d, k, g.Fricatives: f, v, s, z, , , 3, h.Affricates: t,d3Liquids: l, r.Nasals: m, n, Glides: w, j.-semi-vowels2 place of articulation : The place where obstruction is created.Bilabial: p, b, m, w.Labiodental: f, vDental: , Alveolar: t, d, s, z, n, l,