SectionIUseofEnglish大学英语课程教学要求Word文档格式.docx
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Indeed,asystematicreview
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byRifatAtunandhiscolleaguesatImperialCollege,roundsup
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oftheuseoftext-messaginginthe
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ofhealthcare.Theseuses
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threecategories:
efficiencygains;
public-healthgains;
anddirectbenefitstopatientsby
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text-messagingintotreatmentregimes.
Usingtextingto
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efficiencyisnotprofoundscience,butbigsavingscanbeachieved.Several
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carriedoutinEnglandhavefoundthattheuseoftext-messagingreminders
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thenumberofmissedappointmentswithfamilydoctorsby26-39%,andthenumberofmissedhospitalappointmentsby33-50%.Ifsuchschemeswere
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nationally,thiswouldtranslate
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annualsavingsof£256-364million.
Textmessagescanalsobeagoodwaytodeliverpublic-healthinformation,particularlytogroups
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arehardtoreachbyothermeans.TextmessageshavebeenusedinIndiato
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peopleabouttheWorldHealthOrganization'
sstrategytocontrollungdisease.InIraq,textmessageswereusedtosupporta
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toimmunizenearly5millionchildren
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paralysis.
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therearetheusesoftext-messagingaspartofatreatmentregime.Theseinvolvesendingreminderstopatientsto
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theirmedicine,ortoencourageaccordancewithexerciseregimes.However,Dr.Rifatnotesthattheevidencefortheeffectivenessofsuchschemesisgenerally
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andmorequantitativeresearchis
20.
1.[A]so [B]even [C]despite [D]and
2.[A]interesting [B]abundant [C]clear [D]reasonable
3.[A]went [B]came [C]performed [D]turned
4.[A]approaches [B]situations [C]problems [D]examples
5.[A]reality [B]reorganization [C]delivery [D]discovery
6.[A]fallinto [B]sumup [C]associatewith [D]subjectto
7.[A]cooperating [B]incorporating [C]adapting [D]adopting
8.[A]rise [B]boost [C]produce [D]encourage
9.[A]questions [B]incidents [C]cases [D]trials
10.[A]reduces [B]degrades [C]deserves [D]drops
11.[A]calledupon [B]switchedto [C]rolledout [D]wentthrough
12.[A]into [B]for [C]on [D]from
13.[A]what [B]whose [C]which [D]who
14.[A]ask [B]inform [C]adopt [D]contact
15.[A]campaign [B]event [C]decision [D]communication
16.[A]off [B]with [C]against [D]in
17.[A]Finally [B]However [C]Usually [D]Obviously
18.[A]buy [B]receive [C]get [D]take
19.[A]unscientific [B]real [C]anecdotal [D]legal
20.[A]gained [B]acquired [C]needed [D]given
PartA
Directions:
Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosing[A],[B],[C]or[D].MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)
Text1
Prudentinvestorslearnedlongagothatputtingyoureggsintolotsofbasketsreducesrisk.Conservationistshavenowhitonasimilaridea:
apopulationofendangeredanimalswillhaveabetterchanceofsurvivalifitisdividedintointerconnectedgroups.Theprospectsofthespecieswillbebetterbecausethechancethatalltheconstituentsubpopulationswilldieoutatthesametimeislow.And,inthelongterm,itmatterslittleifoneortwogroupsdodisappear,becauseimmigrantsfrombetter-faringpatcheswilleventuallyreestablishthespecies'
oldhaunts.
Oneendangeredspeciesdividedinjustthiswayistheworld'
srarestcarnivore,theEthiopianwolf,whichliveshighinthemeadowsoftheBaleMountains.Just350existinthreepocketsofmeadowconnectedbynarrow'
valleysintheBaleMountainsNationalPark,withafurther150outsidethisarea.
TwoofthemainthreatstotheEthiopianwolfcomefromdiseasescarriedbydomesticdogs.Oneofthese,rabies,isofparticularconcernbecauseitisepidemicinthedogpopulation.Atfirstblush,vaccinatingthewolvesagainstrabiesseemsasimplesolution.Itwouldbeambitious,becausetheprevailingthinking—thatallindividualsmatterandthereforealloutbreaksofdiseaseshouldbecompletelyhalted—impliesthatalargeproportionofwolveswouldneedtobevaccinated.
DanHaydon,oftheUniversityofGlasgow,andhiscolleaguesbelievethatconservationbiologistsshouldthinkdifferently.Withtheexceptionofhumans,speciesareimportantbutindividualsarenot.Someoutbreaksofdiseasecanbetolerated.InapaperpublishedthisweekinNature,theyrecastthemathematicsofvaccinationwiththisinmind.
Onepidemiologists'
standardassumptionthateveryindividualcounts,vaccinationprogrammesareintendedtopreventepidemicsbyensuringthateachinfectedanimal,onaverage,passesthediseaseontolessthanonehealthyanimal.Thisimpliesthataroundtwo-thirdsofallthewolveswouldneedtobevaccinated.Aprogrammethatsoughttosaveaspeciesratherthanindividualswouldalloweachinfectedwolftopassthediseaseontomorethanonehealthyanimalandhencerequirefewervaccinations.DrHaydonandhiscolleagueshavecalculated,usingdatafromarabiesoutbreakin2003,thatvaccinatingbetween10%and25%wouldsuffice,providedveterinariansgavejabstothosewolveslivinginthenarrowvalleysthatconnectthesubpopulations.
Ifthethreatofrabiesaroseeveryfiveyears,targetingallthewolvesinthecorridorswouldcuttheriskofextinctionovera20-yearperiodbyfourfold.Ifthiswerebackedupbyvaccinatingamere10%ofthewolvesinthethreeconnectedmeadows,thechanceofextinctionwoulddroptolessthanonein1,000.Savingafewseemstobeanefficientwayofprotectingthemany.
21.Bycitingprudentinvestors'
idea,theauthorwantstoillustratethat___________.
[A]conservationistsgotinspirationsfromit.
[B]endangeredanimalscanbeprotectedinasimilarway.
[C]theprospectsofsomespeciesdependonconservation.
[D]thesubpopulationswilldiewithoutbeingputintodifferentgroups.
22.TheEthiopianwolf___________.
[A]isfacingtheriskofextinctionastherarestcarnivore.
[B]isseparatedintothreegroupstoachievesurvival.
[C]livesinnarrowvalleysintheBaleMountains.
[D]hasaltogether350aliveintheworld.
23.Theideathatnearlyallthewolveswouldneedtobevaccinated___________..
[A]isduetothatrabiescarriedbydogsisepidemic.
[B]isveryeasytoberealizedbylocalmedicaladministration.
[C]isbasedonthethinkingthateverywolfisnecessarilyprotected.
[D]issupportedbyDanHaydonoftheUniversityofGlasgow.
24.Fromthelasttwoparagraphs,weknowthat___________.
[A]ifeachindividualcounts,one-thirdofwolveshavetobevaccinated.
[B]Dr.Haydonprovedepidemiologists'
standardassumptionisright.
[C]tovaccinate10%to25%ofwolveslivingintheconnectedmeadowsisenough.
[D]ittakes20yearstoreduceriskofextinctionifallthewolvesaretargeted.
25.Themainpurposeofthetextisto___________.
[A]showthedangersEthiopianwolvesarefacingwith.
[B]informpeopleoftheprospectsEthiopianwolves.
[C]teachhowtodivideEthiopianwolvesintogroups.
[D]tellhowtoprotectEthiopianwolvesfromrabies.
Text2
Itisnolongerjustdirtyblue-collarjobsinmanufacturingthatarebeingsuckedoffshorebutalsowhite-collarservicejobs,whichusedtobeconsideredsafefromforeigncompetition.Telecomschargeshavetumbled,allowingworkersinfar-flunglocationstobeconnectedcheaplytocustomersinthedevelopedworld.Thishasmadeitpossibletooffshoreservicesthatwereoncenon-tradable.MorganStanley'
sMr.Roachhasbeendrawingattentiontothefactthatthe"
globallaborarbitrage"
ismovingrapidlytothebetterkindsofjobs.Itisnolongerjustbasicdataprocessingandcallcentersthatarebeingoutsourcedtolow-wagecountries,butalsosoftwareprogramming,medicaldiagnostics,engineeringdesign,law,accounting,financeandbusinessconsulting.Thesecannowbedeliveredelectronicallyfromanywhereintheworld,exposingskilledwhite-collarworkerstogreatercompetition.
Thestandardretorttosuchargumentsisthatoutsourcingabroadistoosmalltomattermuch.SofarfewerthanlmAmericanservice-sectorjobshavebeenlosttooff-shoring.ForresterResearchforecaststhatby2015atotalof3.4mjobsinserviceswillhavemovedabroad,butthatistinycomparedwiththe30mjobsdestroyedandcreatedinAmericaeveryyear.Thetroubleisthatsuchstudiesallowonlyforthesortsofjobsthatarealreadybeingoff-shored,wheninrealitytheproportionofjobsthatcanbemovedwillriseasITadvancesandeducationimprovesinemergingeconomies.
AlanBlinder,aneconomistatPrincetonUniversity,believesthatmosteconomistsareunderestimatingthedisruptiveeffectsofoff-shoring,andthatinfuturetwotothreetimesasmanyservicejobswillbesusceptibletooff-shoringasinmanufacturing.Thiswouldimplythatatleast30%ofalljobsmightbeatrisk.Inpracticethenumberofjobsoff-shoredtoChinaorIndiaislikelytoremainfairlymodest.Evenso,themerethreatthattheycouldbeshiftedwilldepresswages:
Moreover,saysMr.Blinder,educationoffersnoprotection.Highlyskilledaccountants,radiologistsorcomputerprogrammersnowhavetocompetewithelectronicallydeliveredcompetitionfromabroad,whereashumbletaxidrivers,janitorsandcraneoperatorsremainsafefromoff-shoring.ThismayhelptoexplainwhytherealmedianwageofAmericangraduateshatfallenby6%since2000,abiggerdeclinethaninaveragewages.
Inthe1980san