跨文化case答案文档格式.docx
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likeaniceberg:
wecanidentifythecolorofthedresswornbywomenindifferentcultures,butwe
donotknowthevaluesunderneath.Cultureislikethewaterafishswimsin:
peopleweardressof
differentcolorsfordifferentcontextbuttheyusuallytakeitforgrantedandneveraskwhy.
Case3:
TheFrenchinNorthAmerica
TheFrenchwereabletoseeIndianbehavioronlyinthelightoftheirown
hierarchicalsocialsystem,whereitisnaturalforthefewtocommandandthemanytoobey.
Socialsystemsthatworkedonotherprincipleswereliterallyunimaginable.
Case4:
Coconut-skating
Thecasereflectsthecharacteristicsofculture.Wecantellfromthecasethat
cultureispervasiveandit’slearned.Peoplemayinventdifferentwaysforthingsevenassimpleas
theissueoffloormoping.ThePhilippinewomanmusthavelearnedthiswayofmoppingfromher
ownculture.
Case5:
ABlackGirl’sIdentity
Althoughwemaysaythatidentitiesareconstitutedbyourcommunication,it
isobviousfromthecasethatwecannotsimplychooseatanymomentwhatouridentitywillbe
regardlessofthecontext.First,weoftendonotsharetherecipeforcertainidentitieswithothers
evenifwebelongtothesameethnicity,gender,ornationality.Understandingthiscanhelpus
avoidsomeofthebroadassumptionsmadeaboutgroupsofpeoplebasedonthereflectivewayof
thinking.Second,aswelearnedintheveryfirstchapter,allmeaningincommunicationistosome
extentsituational.Thus,thecontextmediateswhatidentitieswecanchoose.Sometimesthings
onemayhavenocontrolover,suchasageorskincolor,areseenasessentialpartsofhowone
communicatesanidentity.
Case6
Hippies
Hippiescouldbedefinedasasubgroup,asthehippiesculturetendstobe
temporary.InmodernAmericansociety,hippiesculturecouldalsofindtraits,butithaswide
spreadinfluenceonAmericanvaluesystem.
Case7
CleanuptheBathroom!
Culturaldifferencesdecidethetwostudentsaregoingtocommunicatein
differentways.TheChinesestudentwantstheAmericanstudenttounderstandtheunderlying
meansofhiswords,buttheAmericanstudentisusedtothedirectstyleofcommunication.Thisis
decidedbyculture.InChineseculture,peoplewanttosavefaceofboththemselvesandothers,so
theywouldnotexpresstheirideasdirectly.However,intheUnitedStates,unlessyouexpress
yourselfclearlyanddirectly,theotherscannotunderstandyou.
Case8:
SheHasThreeHands
ThiscasecanreflectthedifferentcommunicationstylesbetweenChineseandCanadians.In
westerncultures,communicationisthemeansoftransmittingideas.Westernpeopleusually
communicatedirectlywitheachother.ThatiswhytheCanadianinthiscasesayswhatisinhis
minddirectlyinfrontoftheChinesewomanwithouthidinganything.WhileChineseculture
stressesharmonyandemphasizestherelationshipsbetweenthecommunicators.Chinesepeople
viewcommunicationasaprocesswhereallpartiesaresearchingtodevelopandmaintainasocial
relationship.SotheChinesewomaninthiscasetriesnottoarguewiththeCanadianfacetofaceto
keepthe“harmoniousrelationship”betweenthem.
Case9:
APieceofCake
Thiscasewantsustorecognizesomecomponentsofcommunication.Sender/sourcerefersto
thepersonwhotransmitsamessage.Receiverisanypersonwhonoticesandgivessomemeaning
toamessage.Contextreferstoasettingorsituationwithinwhichcommunicationtakesplace.In
thiscase,MarilynandRichardaresimultaneouslythesendersandreceivers.Andtheirroom,
wherethecommunicationeventhappensandwhichmakesthecouplefeelcomfortableand
relaxed,isjustthecontext.
Case10:
ThePlacetoHaveLunch
Thiscasereflectsthatcommunicationiscontextual,whichmeansthatcommunicationdoes
nothappeninisolationanditmusthappenwithinasettingorcontext.Whetherthiscontextis
quietornoisyisimportanttothesmoothnessofcommunication.Whenthecommunicationevent
isdisturbedbynoise,thecommunicationcannotgosmoothly.Inthiscase,
Case11:
MakinganAppointment
Thiscasecanreflecthowcultureaffectsitscommunicationstyle.Eachcultureencouragesa
particularcommunicationstyleexpectedwithinit.Thisimpliesnotonlyusingcorrectsymbols,
butalsoapplyingtheappropriatecommunicationstylefortheoccasion.Communicationstyles
includemannerisms,phrases,rituals,andcommunicationcustomsappropriateforvarious
situationsinaculture.Inthiscase,knowingthecommunicationstyleoftheAmericanswhichis
characterizedbydirect,exactingandinstrumental,theexportermanagerfulfillshisjob
successfully.
Case12:
WhyDon’tYouEatthePizza?
Thiscasecanreflecttheproblemsappearingduringinterculturalcommunicationandhow
ignoringculturaldifferencescanaffectcommunication.InMalaysia,wheremostpeopleare
Muslims,peoplethinkthelefthandisusedonlyforcleaningthebodyandthusitisdirtyandcan
notbeusedtopassfood.Knowingnothingabouttheculturaldifference,theAmericanstudent
putshimselfinanembarrassingsituation.
Case13:
WeandThey?
Thiscasereflectsthatininterculturalcommunication,peoplealwaysregardthemselvesasthe
bestgroupintheworld.Thisisactuallyinappropriateandshouldbeavoided.
Case14:
PerceptionofWar
Thiscasecanreflectdifferentculturescangivedifferentinfluencesonhumanperception.
Peoplecanhaveverydifferentperceptionsevenonthesameobjectorphenomenonbecausethey
havedifferentculturesandarelivinginthedifferentsocialrealities.Inthiscase,JimandOlga
haveverydifferentattitudesandperceptionstowardshistoricaleventsbecausetheirnations’
differentexperiencesandhistories.
Case15:
ObservationsonaSoldier
Thiscasecanreflectthebasicmodelofhumanperception.Humanbeingisequippedtosense
theoutsidestimuliandperceivetheoutsideworld.Andtheperceptionfollowsacertain
model—afterbeinggainedthroughthefivebasicsenses,informationisprocessedthrough
selection,organizationandinterpretation.Inthiscase,SherlockHolmesandMycroftdid
observationsonthesoldieraccordingtothebasicmodelofhumanperception.Theyselectedsome
usefulinformationwhichtheygainedfromoutsideworldthroughtheirfivebasicsenses,
organizeditinareasonablelogicandthenattachedmeaningstoit.
Case16:
DifferentResponsestoNoise
Thiscasecanreflectdifferentculturecangivedifferentinfluencesonhumansensation.Notwoof
peoplecanassumethattheirsensationsarethesame,especiallywhentheycomefromdifferentcultures.
Differentsocialrealityandlivingconditionscanequipthemwithdifferentwaytosensetheworld.Soitis
verycommonforthemtohavetotallydifferentsensationseventowardsthesamecondition.Inthiscase,
theGermanprofessorandJapaneseprofessorhaveverydifferentresponsetothenoiseproduced
bythesamemotorfortheheatingsystembecauseoftheirculturesandlivinghabits.
Case17:
WhatIsBlack?
Thiscasecanreflectwehavesomebarrierstoaccurateperceptioninintercultural
communication.Wehavetheabilitytoperceivetheoutsideworld,butwecannotalwaysgetthe
accurateperceptions,especiallywhenwedotheperceptiononothercultures,weoftengivethe
inaccurateandnegativeperceptions.Inthiscase,ondiscussingtheimpersonalcolor“black”,we
givesomanybadandnegativemeaningswhileblackpupilscangivesomeobjectivedescriptions
andassociationsaboutthecolor.Thebarrierscanincludeignoringdetails,over-generalizing,
holdingontopreconceptionsandstereotypesimposingconsistency,preconnectingcausesandeffects,
preferringsimpleexplanations,ignoringcircumstances,creditingirrelevantinformationandfocusingon
thenegative.
Case18:
ArePerceptionsAlwaysRight?
Thiscasecanreflectourperceptionsonoutsideworldarenotalwaysright,especiallywhen
wedoperceptionsonothercultures.Weusuallyperceiveothersaccordingtoourownculture.
Thiscanleadtoineffectiveinterculturalcommunication.InthiscasePatandChrisgave
inaccurateandnegativeperceptionsonAkiraandMichikojustbecauseoftheir
IrresponsiblejudgmentandtheyalsogavecompletelypositiveperceptionsonMariejustbecause
oftheirsimpleexpectations.Inordertoavoidtheinaccurateperceptions,weneedsomeskills,
includingincreaseyourunderstandingoftheperceptualprocess;
increaseyourobservationalacuity;
recognizetheelementstowhichyouattributemeaning;
checkyourperceptions;
increaseyourAwareness
ofperceptualinaccuraciesandcompensateforthem;
increaseyourawarenessofothers’perceptions
ofyou;
anddevelopsocialdecentering,empathy,andother-orientation.
Case20:
ChineseHospitality—Overdone
Thiscasereflectsthatsometimespeople