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TheSketchBook见闻札记:
RipVanWinkle,
TheLegendofSleepyHollow
III.
JamesFenimoreCooper库柏
（1789-1851）
LeatherstockingTales皮袜子故事集
:
TheDeerslayer,TheLastoftheMohicans,ThePathfinder,ThePioneer,ThePrairie
literaryachievements
Cooper’s
LeatherstockingTaleseffectivelyapproximatestheAmericannationalexperienceofadventureintotheWest.HeturnedthewestandfrontierasauseablepastandhehelpedtointroducewesterntraditiontoAmericanliterature.
SummitofRomanticism–
NewEnglandTranscendentalism/AmericanRenaissance新英格兰超验主义---美国浪漫主义鼎盛时期（1840s-）
Appearance提出
1836,“Nature”byEmerson爱默生、《论自然》
Features
spirit/oversoul
importanceofindividualism
3.
nature–symbolofspirit/God
4.
focusinintuition（irrationalismandsubconsciousness）
Influence
IthelpedtocreatethefirstAmericanrenaissance美国文学复兴
–oneofthemostprolificperiodinAmericanliterature、independentAmericanculture.
IV.
RalphWaldoEmerson（1802-1882）
Nature—themanifestoofAmericanTranscendentalism.《论自然》的发表是美国超验主义出现的标志。
TheAmericanScholar《美国学者》regardedasthe“DeclarationofIntellectualIndependence”.
V.
HenryDavidThoreau亨利大卫梭罗（1817-1862）
Walden瓦尔登湖
“Simplicity…simplify!
”
APleaforJohnBrown（anessay）：
Hehatedthehumaninjusticeasrepresentedbythe
slaverysystem.
LateRomanticism浪漫主义后期
NathanielHawthorne（1804-1864）
TheScarletLetter红字：
HesterPrynne女主人公、ArthurDimmesdale通奸的牧师、RogerChillingworth化名的丈夫、Pearl女儿
pointofview
Evilisatthecoreofhumanlife,“thatblacknessinHawthorne”
Wheneverthereissin,thereispunishment.Sinorevilcanbepassedfromgenerationtogeneration（causality）.
style–typicalromanticwriter
HermanMelville（1819-1891）
MobyDick白鲸
RomanticPoets
WaltWhitman沃尔特惠特曼（1819-1892）
work:
LeavesofGrass
（9editions）草叶集
SongofMyself自我之歌
WhenLilacsLastintheDooryardBloom’d
为纪念林肯总统而写
IHearAmericasinging
style:
“freeverse”自由诗体
influence
HisbestworkhasbecomepartofthecommonpropertyofWesternculture.
HehasbeencomparedtoamountaininAmericanliteraryhistory.
EmilyDickinson艾米丽迪金森（1830-1886）
MyLifeClosedTwicebeforeItsClose
BecauseICan’tStopforDeath
IHeardaFlyBuzz–WhenIdied
themes:
basedonherownexperiences/joys/sorrows
style
poemswithouttitles
directness,brevity
capitalletters–emphasis
（4）
shortpoems,mainlytwostanzas
Comparison:
Whitmanvs.Dickinson
Similarities:
Thematically,theybothextolled,intheirdifferentways,anemergentAmerica,itsexpansion,itsindividualismanditsAmericanness,theirpoetrybeingpartof“AmericanRenaissance”.
Technically,theybothaddedtotheliteraryindependenceofthenewnationbybreakingfreeoftheconventionoftheiambicpentameterandexhibitingafreedominformunknownbefore:
theywerepioneersinAmericanpoetry.
differences:
Whitmanseemstokeephiseyeonsocietyatlarge;
Dickinsonexplorestheinnerlifeoftheindividual.
WhereasWhitmanis“national”inhisoutlook,Dickinsonis“regional”.
Dickinson
hasthe“cataloguetechnique”（direct,simplestyle）whichWhitmandoesn’thave.
EdgarAllenPoe埃德加爱伦坡（）
Works
shortstories
detectivestories推理小说和侦探小说之父
a.
MsFoundinaBottle瓶中手稿
b.
TheMurdersintheRueMorgue莫格街杀人案
Revenge,deathandrebirth、gothicnovels哥特小说
TheFalloftheHouseofUsher亚舍古屋的倒塌
Literarytheory
ThePoeticPrinciple：
最诗意的莫过于美丽女人的早逝
Poems:
TheRaven乌鸦、
AnnabelLee安娜贝尔李
Themes:
“Poeisnotinterestedinanythingalive.EverythinginPoe’swritingsisdead.”.horror.
Style–traditional,butnoteasytoread
TheAgeofRealism现实主义时期：
内战（1861-1865）--一战
Background:
FromRomanticismtoRealism
1880’surbanization:
fromfreecompetitiontomonopolycapitalism
theclosingofAmericanfrontier
ThreeGiantsinRealisticPeriod
WilliamDeanHowells（1837--1920）
–“DeanofAmericanRealism”
Realisticprinciples：
habitualmoods/motives
Works:
TheRiseofSilasLapham
HenryJames（1843-1916）
theme:
internationaltheme
●
DaisyMiller
ThePortraitofaLady
TheAmbassadors大使：
Strether主人公
TheWingsoftheDove
TheGoldenBowl
Pointofview
Psychologicalanalysis,
forefatherofstreamofconsciousness
Psychologicalrealism
c.
Highly-refinedlanguage
MarkTwain
（seenextsection）
LocalColorism
1860s,1870s~1890s
HamlinGarland:
CrumblingIdols
BretHarte:
TheLuckofRoaringCamp
KateChopin–TheAwakening觉醒
MarkTwain（1835-1910）
–Mississippi
SamuelLanghorneClemens真名
TheGildedAge镀金时代
TheadvantagesofHuckleberryFinn
Jim、raft木筏
TheAdventuresofTomSawyer
LifeontheMississippi
colloquialstyle,vernacularlanguage,dialects口语方言的运用
localcolour
humour
socialcriticism（satireonthedifferentuglythingsinsociety）
Comparisonofthethree“giants”ofAmericanRealism
Theme
Howells–middleclass
James–upperclass
Twain–lowerclass
Technique
Howells–smiling/genteelrealism
James–psychologicalrealism
Twain–localcolourismandcolloquialism
AmericanNaturalism美国自然主义
Background
Darwin’stheory:
“naturalselection”
Spenser’sidea:
“socialDarwinism”
FrenchNaturalism:
Zora
environmentandheredity
generaltone:
hopelessness,despair,gloom,uglysideofthesociety
significance
Itpreparesthewayforthewritingof1920s’“lostgeneration”andT.S.Eliot.
StephenCrane:
Maggie：
AGirloftheStreets、
TheRedBadgeofCourage
FrankNorris:
McTeague、
TheOctopus
[railway]
VI.
TheodoreDreiser:
SisterCarrie、
AnAmericanTragedy
VII.
JackLondon:
MartinEden
TheModernPeriod
The1920s:
Roaring20s、JazzAge
The1920sisafloweringperiodofAmericanliterature.Itisconsidered“thesecondrenaissance”ofAmericanliterature.（第一次是超验主义）
Background：
FirstWorldWar–“awartoendallwars”一战
Imagism（1908-1917）
I.Background
ImagismwasinfluencedbyFrenchsymbolism,ancientChinesepoetryandJapaneseliterature“haiku”
II.
Development:
threestages
1908~1909:
London,Hulme
1912~1914:
England->
America,EzraPound
1914~1917:
AmyLowell
III.
Whatisan“image”?
AnimageisdefinedbyPoundasthatwhichpresentsanintellectualandemotionalcomplexinaninstantoftime,“avortexorclusteroffusedideas”“endowedwithenergy”.Theexactwordmustbringtheeffectoftheobjectbeforethereaderasithadpresenteditselftothepoet’smindatthetimeofwriting.
VI.
EzraPound（1885-1972）
InaStationoftheMetro
Cantos：
“theintellectualdiarysince1915”
HughSelwynMauberley
Contribution
Heisregardedasthe
fatherofmodernAmericanpoetry.
VII.
T.S.Eliot
TheLoveSongofJ.AlfredPrufrock
TheWasteLand
（epic）
FourQuarters
MurderintheCathedral
（play）
Principle:
objectivecorrelative客观对应物
VIII.
WallaceStevens（1879-1955）:
AnecdoteoftheJar、
TheEmperorofIce-Cream
IX.
WilliamCarlosWilliams（1883-1963）:
TheRedWheelbarrow、SpringandAll、
Paterson
X.
RobertFrost（1874-1963）:
在总统就职典礼上朗诵自己的诗歌
nation’sunofficialPoetLaureate
works–poems
NorthofBoston:
TheRoadNotTaken、StoppingbyWoodsonaSnowyEvening、PickingApples
style/featuresofhispoems
Mostofhispoemstook
NewEngland
assetting,andthesubjectswerechosenfromdailylifeofordinarypeople.
Althoughhewaspopularduring1920s,hedidn’texperimentlikeothermodernpoets.Heused
conventionalforms,plainlanguage,
traditionalmetre,andwroteinapasturedtradition.
IX.CarlSandburg（1878-1967）:
ChicagoPoems、
Fog
“thewordofthepeople”
E.E.Cummings（1894-1963）:
“ajugglerwithsyntax,grammaranddiction”–individualism,“painterpoet”
HartCrane（1899-1932）:
TheBridge
MarianneMoore:
TheFish
Novelsinthe1920s
F.ScottFitzgerald（1896-1940）
ThisSideofParadise
TheGreatGatsby:
Daisy、TomBuchanan、NickCarraway
Tende
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