美国文学简史复习纲要Word文件下载.docx

1、The Sketch Book见闻札记:Rip Van Winkle,The Legend of Sleepy HollowIII.JamesFenimore Cooper库柏（1789-1851）Leatherstocking Tales皮袜子故事集: TheDeerslayer, The Last of the Mohicans, The Pathfinder, The Pioneer, The Prairieliterary achievementsCoopersLeatherstocking Taleseffectively approximates the American nati

2、onal experience of adventure into theWest. He turned the west and frontier as a useable past and he helped tointroduce western tradition to American literature.Summitof Romanticism New EnglandTranscendentalism/AmericanRenaissance新英格兰超验主义-美国浪漫主义鼎盛时期（1840s-）Appearance提出1836,“Nature” by Emerson爱默生、论自然F

3、eaturesspirit/oversoulimportance of individualism3.nature symbol of spirit/God4.focus in intuition （irrationalism andsubconsciousness）InfluenceIt helped to create the first American renaissance美国文学复兴 one ofthe most prolific period in American literature、independent Americanculture.IV.RalphWaldo Emer

4、son（1802-1882）Naturethe manifesto ofAmerican Transcendentalism.论自然的发表是美国超验主义出现的标志。The American Scholar美国学者regarded as the “Declaration of IntellectualIndependence”.V.HenryDavid Thoreau亨利大卫梭罗（1817-1862）Walden瓦尔登湖“Simplicitysimplify!”A Plea forJohn Brown （an essay）：He hated the human injustice as repr

5、esented bytheslavery system.Late Romanticism浪漫主义后期NathanielHawthorne（1804-1864）The Scarlet Letter红字：HesterPrynne女主人公、Arthur Dimmesdale通奸的牧师、Roger Chillingworth化名的丈夫、Pearl女儿point of viewEvil is atthe core of human life, “that blackness in Hawthorne”Wheneverthere is sin, there is punishment. Sin or ev

6、il can be passed from generation togeneration （causality）.style typical romantic writerHermanMelville（1819-1891）Moby Dick白鲸RomanticPoetsWaltWhitman沃尔特惠特曼（1819-1892）work:Leaves of Grass（9 editions）草叶集Song ofMyself自我之歌WhenLilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloomd为纪念林肯总统而写I HearAmerica singingstyle: “freevers

7、e”自由诗体influenceHis bestwork has become part of the common property of Western culture.He hasbeen compared to a mountain in American literary history.Emily Dickinson艾米丽迪金森（1830-1886）My LifeClosed Twice before Its CloseBecause ICant Stop for DeathI Heard aFly Buzz When I diedthemes: based on her own e

8、xperiences/joys/sorrowsstylepoemswithout titlesdirectness,brevitycapitalletters emphasis（4）shortpoems, mainly two stanzasComparison:Whitman vs. DickinsonSimilarities:Thematically,they both extolled, in their different ways, an emergent America, itsexpansion, its individualism and its Americanness, t

9、heir poetry being part of“American Renaissance”.Technically,they both added to the literary independence of the new nation by breaking freeof the convention of the iambic pentameter and exhibiting a freedom in formunknown before: they were pioneers in American poetry.differences:Whitmanseems to keep

10、 his eye on society at large; Dickinson explores the inner life of theindividual.WhereasWhitman is “national” in his outlook, Dickinsonis “regional”.Dickinsonhas the“catalogue technique” （direct, simple style） which Whitman doesnt have.EdgarAllen Poe埃德加爱伦坡（）Worksshort storiesdetectivestories推理小说和侦探小

11、说之父a.Ms Foundin a Bottle瓶中手稿b.TheMurders in the Rue Morgue莫格街杀人案Revenge,death and rebirth、gothic novels哥特小说The Fall of the House of Usher亚舍古屋的倒塌LiterarytheoryThe PoeticPrinciple：最诗意的莫过于美丽女人的早逝Poems:The Raven乌鸦、Annabel Lee安娜贝尔李Themes:“Poe isnot interested in anything alive. Everything in Poes writing

12、s is dead.”.horror.Style traditional, but not easy to readThe Age ofRealism现实主义时期：内战（1861-1865）-一战Background:From Romanticism to Realism1880s urbanization: from free competition to monopolycapitalismthe closing of American frontierThreeGiants in Realistic PeriodWilliamDean Howells（1837-1920） “Dean o

13、f American Realism”Realisticprinciples：habitualmoods/motivesWorks:The Rise of Silas LaphamHenryJames（1843-1916）theme:international themeDaisyMillerThePortrait of a LadyThe Ambassadors大使：Strether主人公The Wingsof the DoveThe GoldenBowlPoint ofviewPsychologicalanalysis,forefather of stream ofconsciousnes

14、sPsychologicalrealismc.Highly-refinedlanguageMark Twain（see nextsection）Local Colorism1860s,1870s1890sHamlin Garland:Crumbling IdolsBret Harte:The Luck of Roaring CampKate Chopin The Awakening觉醒Mark Twain（1835-1910） MississippiSamuel Langhorne Clemens真名The GildedAge镀金时代The advantages of Huckleberry

15、FinnJim、raft木筏TheAdventures of Tom SawyerLife onthe Mississippicolloquialstyle, vernacular language, dialects口语方言的运用localcolourhumoursocialcriticism （satire on the different ugly things in society）Comparisonof the three “giants” of American RealismThemeHowells middle classJames upper classTwain lowe

16、r classTechniqueHowells smiling/genteel realismJames psychological realismTwain local colourism and colloquialismAmerican Naturalism美国自然主义BackgroundDarwins theory:“natural selection”Spensers idea: “social Darwinism”French Naturalism: Zoraenvironment and hereditygeneral tone: hopelessness, despair, g

17、loom, ugly sideof the societysignificanceIt prepares the way for the writing of 1920s “lost generation” and T.S. Eliot.StephenCrane:Maggie：A Girlof the Streets、The Red Badge of CourageFrankNorris:McTeague、The OctopusrailwayVI.TheodoreDreiser:Sister Carrie、An American TragedyVII.JackLondon:Martin Ede

18、nThe Modern PeriodThe1920s:Roaring 20s、Jazz AgeThe 1920s is a flowering period of American literature. It is considered“the second renaissance” of American literature.（第一次是超验主义）Background：FirstWorld War “a war to end all wars”一战Imagism（1908-1917）I. BackgroundImagism was influenced by French symbolis

19、m, ancient Chinese poetry andJapanese literature “haiku”II. Development:three stages19081909: London, Hulme19121914: England -America, Ezra Pound19141917: Amy LowellIII. Whatis an “image”? An image is defined by Poundas that which presents an intellectual and emotional complex in an instant oftime,

20、“a vortex or cluster of fused ideas” “endowed with energy”. The exactword must bring the effect of the object before the reader as it had presenteditself to the poets mind at the time of writing.VI. EzraPound（1885-1972）In aStation of the MetroCantos：“the intellectual diarysince 1915”Hugh Selwyn Maub

21、erleyContributionHe is regarded as thefather of modernAmerican poetry.VII. T. S. EliotThe Love Song of J. Alfred PrufrockThe Waste Land（epic）Four QuartersMurder in the Cathedral（play）Principle:objective correlative客观对应物VIII.Wallace Stevens（1879-1955）:Anecdote of the Jar、The Emperor of Ice-CreamIX.Wi

22、lliam Carlos Williams（1883-1963）:The Red Wheelbarrow、Spring and All、PatersonX.Robert Frost（1874-1963）:在总统就职典礼上朗诵自己的诗歌nationsunofficial Poet Laureateworks poemsNorth of Boston:The Road Not Taken、Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening、Picking Applesstyle/features of his poemsMost of his poems tookNew En

23、glandas setting, and the subjectswere chosen from daily life of ordinary people.Although he was popular during 1920s, he didnt experiment like othermodern poets. He usedconventionalforms, plain language,traditionalmetre, and wrote in a pastured tradition.IX. CarlSandburg（1878-1967） :Chicago Poems、Fo

24、g“the word of thepeople”E. E. Cummings（1894-1963）:“a juggler with syntax, grammar and diction” individualism, “painter poet”Hart Crane（1899-1932）:The BridgeMarianne Moore:The FishNovelsin the 1920sF. ScottFitzgerald（1896-1940）This Sideof ParadiseThe Great Gatsby: Daisy、Tom Buchanan、NickCarrawayTende