大学英语六级分类模拟题318Word文件下载.docx
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Womenarehalfthepopulationbutonly15%ofboardmembersatbigAmericanfirms,and10%in
Europe.Companiesthatfishinonlyhalfofthetalentpoolwillloseouttothosethatcasttheir
netmorewidely.Thereisalsoevidencethatmixedboardsmakebetterdecisions.
Mindfulofthis,Europeancountriesarepassinglawsthatwouldforcecompaniestopromotemorewomentotheexecutivesuite.AnewFrenchlawrequireslistedfirmstoreserve40%ofboardseatsforwomenby2017.NorwayandSpainhavesimilarlaws;
Germanyisconsideringone.TheEuropeanParliamentdeclaredthismonththatsuchquotasshouldbeappliedthroughouttheEuropeanUnion.Therearetwomainargumentsforcompulsoryquotas.Oneisthatthemenwhodominatecorporateboardsarehopelesslysexist:
theypromotepeoplelikethemselvesandignoreanyfemaletalent.
Thesecondargumentismoresubtle.Talentedexecutivesneedmentors（导师）tohelpthemclimbtheladder.Maledirectorsmentoryoungmenbutarereluctanttogetfriendlywithyoungwomen,lesttherelationshipbemisinterpreted.Quotaswillbreakthisviciouscyclebyputtinglotsofwomenatthetop,whocanthenoffertheirsistersalegup.
Theremaybesomethinginbotharguments,butinmostrichcountriessexismisnolongerthemainobstacletowomenscareers.Childrenare.Mostwomentakecareerbreakstolookafterthem.Manycareforelderlyrelatives,too.Onestudyfoundthattwo-thirdsofAmericanwomenhadatsomepointswitchedfromfull-timeworktopart-timeorflexibletimetobalanceworkandfamily.Suchchoicesmakeitharderforwomentogaintheexperiencenecessarytomakeittotheverytop.
Whatismore,bigcompaniesareincreasinglyglobal.Manywantabosswhohasworkedinmorethanonecountry.Suchforeignpostingsdisruptfamilies;
manywomenturnthemdown.Andmany,anticipatingacareerbreakatsomepointinthefuture,enterfieldswheretheirskillswillnotquicklybecomeoutdated,suchaslaworhumanresources.Somelawyersmakegoodchiefexecutives.Butfirmsoftenwantpeoplewithfinancialoroperationalexperienceforthetopjobs,andthesefieldsarestillmale-dominated.
Quotasaretoobluntatoolforsuchatangledproblem.Thewomencompaniesarecompelledtoputonboardsareunlikelytobeasusefulasthosetheyplacetherevoluntarily.Quotasforcefirmseithertopadtheirboardswithtokennon-executivedirectors,ortoallocaterealpoweronthebasisofsexratherthanmerit.Enforcingquotasforwomenhasledtolargenumbersofinexperiencedwomenbeingappointedtoboards,andseriouslydamagedthosefirmsperformance.（分数：
20.00）
（1）.Whatwillhappentoacompanyifmendominateitsexecutiveboard?
（分数：
4.00）
A.Itstalentpoolwilldryoutsooner.
B.ltscompetitivenesswillbeweakened.V
C.Itswomenemployeeswillcomplain.
D.Itisboundtomakeunwisedecisions.
解析：
［解析］题目询问若执行董事会由男性主导会发生什么情况。
第1段第2句表明，只使用半边人才库的公司必然会输给（loseout）广泛使用人才的企业。
第3句进一步巩固这种说法，男女混合的董事会所做的决策更加英明。
由此推
分数：
断，男性主导执行董事会的公司的竞争力会相对弱一些。
B项是同义表述。
（2）.Whatseemstopreventwomenfrombecomingboardmembersapartfromsexism?
A.Manyofthemlackthecouragetofacethechallengeintheboardroom.
B.Maledirectorsareafraidofwomenspotentialthreattotheirauthority.
C.Fewofthemhavethetrainingandqualificationsneededforexecutiveduties.
D.Maledirectorsrefrainfromgivingthemguidancetoavoidmisunderstanding.V
［解析］题目询问阻止女性员工进入董事会的另一因素。
第3段首句提到理由有两种，其一是性别歧视（sexism）,其二是第4段的内容，即男性主管不愿与年轻女性走得太近，唯恐别人误会他们的关系。
这与D项“男性主管为了避免
误会而不给她们提供指导”的表述一致。
注意题干中的apartfrom意为“除了”。
（3）.Whatdoestheauthorsayistherealbarriertowomenscareers?
4.00）
A.Anapparentlackofnecessarylegislation.
B.Fiercecompetitionfrommalecolleagues.
C.Theburdenoftakingcareoftheirfamily.V
D.Thewidespreadsexismintheworkplace.
［解析］题目询问作者认为阻止女性职业生涯的真正绊脚石是什么。
第5段一开始便说性别歧视不再是女性职业生涯的主要绊脚石，孩子才是。
第3、4句提到，大多数的女性选择离职来照顾孩子或长辈。
可见家庭才是女性职业生
涯的最大负担，选C项。
（4）.Whydomanywomenchoosetoentersuchfieldsaslaworhumanresources?
A.Theyallowwomencareerbreaksifneedbe.V
B.Theycanbringawomanstalentintofullplay.
C.Theyofferhighsalariesandattractivebenefits.
D.TheypavethewayforwomentobecomeCEOs.
［解析］题目询问许多女性选择律师或人力资源行业的原因。
第6段第4句提到，很多女性预料在未来的某个时候会从工作中抽出身来（acareerbreak），因而选择技能不会迅速过时的领域，比如律师或人力资源。
A项是这句话的
同义表述，正确。
（5）.Whatdoestheauthorthinkofthepracticeofenforcingquotasforwomenexecutives?
A.Itisasimplesolutiontoatangledproblem.
B.Itisaneffectivetooltocombatsexism.
C.Ithelpsfilltheexecutiveboardwithtalents.
D.Itadverselyaffectsafirmsperformance.V
［解析］题目询问作者对定额制度的看法。
作者在最后一段首先说这种做法太鲁莽（tooblunt），最后一句则明确指出，实行女性定额制度严重损害了公司业绩。
D项的adverselyaffects...performance与文章中的seriously
damaged...performance意思完全一致，为正确答案。
Internationalgovernmentsinactionconcerningsustainabledevelopmentisclearlyworryingbuttheproactive（主动出击的）approachesofsomeleading-edgecompaniesareencouraging.Toyota,Wal-Mart,DuPont,M&
SandGeneralElectrichavemadetacklingenvironmentalwastesakeyeconomicdriver.
DuPontcommitteditselftoa65%reductioningreenhousegasemissionsinthe10yearspriorto2010.By2007,DuPontwassaving$2.2billionayearthroughenergyefficiency,thesameasitstotaldeclaredprofitsthatyear.GeneralElectricaimstoreducetheenergyintensityofitsoperationsby50%by2015.Theyhaveinvestedheavilyinprojectsdesignedtochangethewayofusingandconservingenergy.
CompanieslikeToyotaandWal-Martarenotcommittingtoenvironmentalgoalsoutofthegood-nessoftheirhearts.Thereasonfortheiractionsisasimpleyetpowerfulrealizationthattheenviron-mentalandeconomicfootprintsfitwelltogether.WhenM&
SlauncheditsPlanAsustainabilityprogrammein2007,itwasbelievedthatitwouldcostover$200millioninthefirstfiveyears.However,theinitiativehadgenerated$105millionby2011/12.
Whenwepreventphysicalwaste,increaseenergyefficiencyorimproveresourceproductivity,wesavemoney,improveprofitabilityandenhancecompetitiveness.Infact,thereareoftenhugequickwinopportunities,thankstoyearsofneglect.
However,thereisaconsiderablegapbetweenleading-edgecompaniesandtherestofthepace.arguingsystem,businessgreenandleanacreatingdelayingstillcompaniesmanytoofarareTherethatitwillcostmoneyorrequiresizablecapitalinvestment.Theyremainstuckintheenvironmentiscostmentality.Beingenvironmentallyfriendlydoesnothavetocostmoney.Infact,goingbeyondcompliancesavescostatthesametimethatitgeneratescash,providedthatmanagementadoptsthenewleanandgreenmodel.
Leanmeansdoingmorewithless.Nonetheless,inmostcompanies,economicandenviron-mentalcontinuousimprovementisviewedasbeinginconflictwitheachother.Thisisoneofthebig-gestopportunitiesmissedacrossmostindustries.Thesizeoftheopportunityisenormous.The3%ReportrecentlypublishedbyWorldWildlifeFundandCDPshowsthattheeconomicprizeforcurbingcarbonemissionsintheUSeconomyis$780billionbetweennowand2020.Itsuggeststhatoneofthebiggestleversfordeliveringthisopportunityisincreasedefficiencythroughmanagementand敢慨楶畯慲?
档湡敧—inotherwords,leanandgreenmanagement.
Some50studiesshowthatcompaniesthatcommittosuchaspirationalgoalsaszerowaste,zeroharmfulemissions,andzerouseofnon-renewableresourcesarefinanciallyoutperformingtheircompetitors.Conversely,itwasfoundthatclimatedisruptionisalreadycosting$1.2trillionannually,cuttingglobalGDPby1.6%.Unaddressed,thiswilldoubleby2030.（分数：
（1）.Whatdoestheauthorsayaboutsomeleading-edgecompanies?
A.Theyoperateinaccordancewithgovernmentpolicies.
B.Theytakeinitiativesinhandlingenvironmentalwastes.V
C.Theyarekeydriversintheirnationseconomicgrowth.
D.Theyaremajorcontributorstoenvironmentalproblems.
［解析］本题询问一些走在前沿的公司的情况。
第1段第1句提到在对待可持续发展的问题上，各国政府的行动并不积极（inaction），而处于前沿地位的公司却主动出击（proactive）；
第2句则举例说明，指出丰田、沃尔玛等公司将处理环境废弃物作为主要的经济驱动力。
B项“它们主动处理环境废弃物”正确。
其中takeinitiativesinhandlingenvironmentalwastes是原文tacklingenvironmentalwastes的同义替换。
（2）.WhatmotivatesToyotaandWal-Marttomakecommitmentstoenvironmentalprotection?
A.Thegoodnessoftheirhearts.
B.Astrongsenseofresponsibility.
C.Thedesiretogenerateprofits.V
D.Pressurefromenvironmentalists.
［解析］本题询问丰田和沃尔玛履行环境保护的动机。
第3段第2句直接说明丰田和沃尔玛采取行动（即committingtoenvironmentalgoals）的原因是它们意识到环境和经济足迹相辅相成。
据此可以推断这两大公司保护环境的初衷是经济利益，因此C项“创造利润的欲望”是对原文的同义推断。
（3）.Whyaresomanycompaniesreluctanttocreateanenvironment-friendlybusinesssystem?
A.Theyarebentonmakingquickmoney.
B.Theydonothavethecapitalfortheinvestment.
C.Theybelievebuildingsuchasystemistoocostly.V
D.Theylacktheincentivetochangebusinesspractices.
［解析］本题询问很多公司不愿创立环境友好业务体系的原因。
第5段第2句说到，仍有很多公司推迟创立精益
绿色的业务体系，并以分词短语（arguingthat...）说明其原因：
它们认为这种体系会费钱或者需要大量的资金投入。
题目中的reluctantto对应原文的delaying;
而精益绿色的业务体系指的是环境友好业务体系。
C项“建立这样的系
统太贵”是对原文所提及的原因（itwillcostmoneyorrequire...）的同义复述。
（4）.Whatissaidabouttheleanandgreenmodelofbusiness?
A.Ithelpsbusinessestosaveandgainatthesametime.V
B.Itisaffordableonlyforafewleading-edgecompanies.
C.Itislikelytostartanewroundofintensecompetition.
D.Itwilltakealongtimeforallcompaniestoembraceit.
［解析］本题询问关于精益绿色业务模式的相关信息。
第5段在讲述那些不愿践行环保行动的公司时，首次提及了leanandgreensystem;
该段最后一句讲到，如果公司采取新的精益绿色模式进行管理，它们实际上在产生利润的同时也能节约成本。
A项“它帮助企业节约成本并且获益”是对第5段最后一句
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