自考高级英语Word格式文档下载.docx

自考高级英语Word格式文档下载.docx

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RockmusicbeganinAmericainthelate1950’s.Itwasnotonlyanewmusicalform,butaforumfortheAmericanyouthtoexpresstheirideasoftheworldandlife.Inthisforum,thestarssangouttheattitudesoftheyouthtowardscivilrights,warandpeace,thedisaffectionoftheirsociety,andarangeofemotionsbetweenloveandhate.Allinall,inthisforum,theAmericanyouthredefinedthebeliefsandfeelingsoftheirsociety.ThetypicalrepresentativesoftheearlyrockmusicwereElvisPresley,singerandpoetBobDylan,theBealtles,therollingStonesandsoon.Theywerethecultureheroeswhomtheyoungpeopleworshipped.

2.DoYouAgreethatRockIstheMusicofTeenageRebellion?

RockmusicbeganinAmericainthelate1950’s.Itwasnotonlyanewmusicalform,butaforumfortheAmericanyouthtoexpresstheirideasoftheworldandlife.

Musicexpresseditstimes.Rockmusicwasasociologicalexpressionratherthanamusicalforce.Itembodiedthefrustratedteenagespiritofthe1950s.Atthattimeyoungpeoplemightbedissatisfiedwiththesocietyortheyhadsomehatredtowardtheadultworld,buttheycouldnotprotestitopenly.Sotheywouldusemusicasanoutlet.Thentheycouldgetsomebalanceintheirminds.

Anotheraspectisthattheyoungpeoplecouldmaketheirideasandbeliefsknowntotheworldthroughmusic.Bymusic,theycouldshowtheirfellinganddreams.Soallinall,youngpeoplecombinedinventionandexaggeration,reasonandmotion,wordandsound,musicandpoliticsasawhole.

Lesson2FourChoicesforYoungPeople

60年代的美国青年是反叛的一代.他们看到美国这个富裕社会充满了贫困/不平等和虚伪.他们不再相信这个不属于他们的成人社会,拒绝信奉它的信仰和价值观.很多青年人积极投入到反对贫困/反对种族歧视和反对越南战争的斗争中去,有些青年人甚至试图以武装革命的方式推翻这个社会.还有很多青年人以消极的方式表示他们的不满.他们吸毒,过着不承担任何社会责任的寄生生活,或者跑到未开垦的乡村去,过着原始公社式的生活.

TheAmericanyoungpeoplein1960’swereagenerationofrebellion.TheyfoundthattheaffluentAmericansocietywasfilledwithpoverty,injusticeandgypocrisy.Theydidn’ttrusttheadultworldthatdidn’tbelongtothemandrefusedtotaketheirbeliefsandvalues.Manyyoungpeopletookactivepartinthestrugglewhichprotestedagainstpoverty,racialdiscriminationandVietnamWar.Someyoungpeopleeventriedtooverthrowthisworldbyarmedrevolution.Manyotheryoungtookpassivewaystoshowtheirdisaffections.Theytookdrugs,refusedtotakeanyresponsibilitiesandlivedaparasiticwayoflife.Ortheyescapedtothefrontiersandlivedaprimitivewayoflife.

MyCommentontheFourthChoice

Thefourthcommentistochangetheworldgradually,oneclodatatime.Maybeatthefirstglanceitisnotinviting.Itlacksglamour.Ithasnoquickresult.Itdemandspatience.Itdependsontheexasperatinganduncertaininstrumentsofpersuasionanddemocraticdecisionmaking.

Ithinktheauthorisright.ReformingtheworldisalittlelikefightingamilitarycampaignintheApennines,assoonasyoucaptureonemountainrange,anotheroneloomsjustahead.Theproblemsarethesame,too.Oncesomeproblemsarebroughtundersomekindofroughcontrol,newproblemstakeplace.Sowecan’tsolvealltheproblemsatatime.Wehavetodealwithoneproblemeachtimeandchangetheworldgraduallyandsteadily.Soproblemscanbehandledinthesamewaythathardproblemshavebeencopedwithbefore–piecemeal,pragmatically,bythedoggedeffortsofmanypeople.soIthinkinthisparticulartimeandplacethefourthchoiceoffersabetterchanceforremedyingsomeoftheworld‘soutragesthananyotheravailablestarategy.

LessonThreeTheUseofForce

玛蒂尔达病了三天了,母亲给她吃了药也不见好,只好请来了医生.由于玛蒂尔达的学校里有学生患白喉,而且已经有两个孩子死去,医生到奥尔逊家后首先要检查玛蒂尔达的喉咙.但是无论怎么劝,她就是不肯张开嘴,于是医生只得用压舌板伸进她的嘴里.然而玛蒂尔达竟然把压舌板咬碎了.为了保护玛蒂尔达本人及其他的儿童,医生必须弄清玛蒂尔达是否患了白喉,以便给予及时的治疗.于是他让玛蒂尔达的父亲抓紧她的手腕,自己用力掰开了玛蒂尔达的嘴,发现她果然得了白喉.这个故事使我们想到这样一个问题,生活中有的事不能全靠自愿,在有的情况下,一定的强迫似乎是必要的.

Mathildahadbeenillforthreedays.Hermotherhadgivenhersomemedicine,butitdidn’tdoanygood.Sotheyhadtoaskthedoctortocome.TherehadbeenanumberofcasesofdiphtheriainMathilda’sschoolandtwoofthemhadbeendead.WhenthedoctorarrivedatOlson’shome,hewantedtoexamineMthilda’sthroatfirst.Butnomatterhowhecoaxed,,Shewouldn’topenhermouth.Sothedoctorhadtogetthetonguedepressorintohermouth.ButMathildareducedittosplinters.InordertoprotectMathildaherselfandotherchildren,thedoctorhadtomakesurewhethershehaddiphtheriaornot,sothathecouldtreatherintime.LettingMathilda‘sfatherholdherwristshetriedhisbesttoopenhermouthandfoundshereallyhaddiphtheria.Thisstorymadeuscanthinksuchaquestionthatsomethinginlifecan’tonlydependonselfwillingness.Undersomecircumstances,certainforceseemsnecessary.

CommentontheDoctor’sBehavior

Afterthedoctorarrivedatthegirl’shome,hewantedtoseeherthroat.Astherehadbeenanumberofcasesofdiphtheriaintheschooltowhichthegirlwentduringthatmonth,thedoctoralsothoughtthatofthegirl.Sohesmiledtothegirlandaskedhertoopenhermouthandlethimhavealookatherthroat.Nomatterhowthedoctorcoaxed,thegirlshuthermouthfirmly.

Thinkingthatthegirlmighthavediphtheriaandpossiblydieofit,thedoctordecidedtouseforcetoopenhermouth.Hehadseenatleasttwochildrenlyingdeadinbedofneglectinsuchcases.Hefeltthathemustgetadiagnosisnow.Sohegraspedthegirl’sheadwithhislefthandandtriedtogetthewoodentonguedepressorbetweenherteeth.Butwhenthedoctorgotthewoodenspatulabehindherlastteeth.Shegrippedthebladebetweenhermolarsandreducedittosplinters.Inthefinalunreasoningassaultthedoctorouterpoweredthegirl.Heforcedtheheavysilverspoonbackofherteethanddownherthroattillshegagged.Herbothtonsilswerecoveredwithmembrane.

Fromthatthedoctorhaddone,Ithoughthewasaresponsibleperson.Inordertosavethelivesofthepatients,especiallythosechildrenwhodidnotknowhowtoco-operatewiththedoctor,hehadtotakesomemeasure.Otherwiseagoodorsuitabletimeoftreatmentwouldbemissed.

LessonFourDieasYouChoose

现在迫切需要制定有关安乐死的法律.大多数国家禁止安乐死.在这些国家医生只能偷偷地给病人实施安乐死.但是,也有的国家公开实施安乐死,例如荷兰.越来越多的国家目前正在就安乐死的合法性展开辩论.

当一个病人长期遭受疾病的折磨而又无治愈的希望时,为什么要让他继续痛苦下去呢?

为什么不能用安乐死来结束他的痛苦?

但是,如果安乐死合法化,也存在一种危险------有人会利用安乐死进行谋杀.总之,安乐死是一个不能回避的问题.

Theneedforlawsoneuthanasiacan’tbedodgedformuchlonger.Euthanasiaisatabooinmostcountries.Inthesecountriesdoctorscanonlypractiseitsecretly.Butitisopenlypracticedinsomecountries,suchasHolland.Rightnowmoreandmorecountriesaregoingovertheargumentsaboutlegalizingeuthanasia.

Whenapatientsuffersfromillnessforalongtimeandthereisnohopeofcuringit,whydowelethimpolongthethroes?

Whycan’twepractiseeuthanasiatostopthethroes?

Butifwelegalizeeuthanasia,therewillbeadangerSomeonemayuseitforkilling.Allinall,euthanasiaisquestionwecan’tdodge.

HowIsEuthanasiaHandledinDifferentCountries?

InHolland,mercy-killingisacceptedbythemedicalestablishmentandopenlypracticedafewthousandtimeseachyear.Thegovernmenthasrulesforeuthanasiaandsodoctorscanpoliceiteffectively.

ButinAmerica,Britainandmanyothercountries,euthanasiaiscondemnedbythemedicalestablishment,secretlypracticedmanytimesmoreoften,andalmostnevercomestolight.Nowitisgoingovertheargumentsabouteuthanasiaonceagain.ThedoctorsinAmericacanrarelydiscusseuthanasiaopenlywithpatients----evenwhenthosepatientsbegthemforit----doctorstendtokillonlywhenthedyingaretoofargonetoconsent.Thedoctorshavetomakedecisionthemselves.Thatisonepriceofkeepingeuthanasiasecnet.FortunatelymostAmericanstateshave“living-will”legislationthatproteetsdoctorsfromprosecutionittheydonottrytosavesomeonewhohassaidhedoesnotwantlifeprolonged.

Somepeoplesuggestlegalizingeuthanasia.Butotherpeopleworrythatifgovernmentpermitthedoctorstocomplywithadyingman’srequestinprescribedsetofcircumstances,itmightposedangersforsocietybysettingaprecedentforkilling.Butifthegovernmentsetupsomerules,therewillbenoproblems.InHolland,thetenaciousrespectforindividuallibertystopthemkillinghealthypeoplebutletsthemhelpdyingpeople.

LessonFiveI’dRatherBeBlackthanFemale

美国妇女对美国的发展做出了重要贡献,但她们却一直受到各种形式的性别歧视.政治上,她们做的是那些乏味却又决定决定选举胜败的琐碎事,很少有机会升到高层职位,得到好处的是男人.经济上,大部分妇女做的是那些工资低和没有前途的工作,她们的工资也永远低于做同样工作的男人.很多美国人不承认这是歧视妇女,说这只是社会分工的不同.很多妇女甚至也满足于自己作为次等公民的角色.所以作者说,妇女要获得真正的平等将是一场长期而艰巨的斗争.

TheAmericanwomenmadegreatcontributionstothenation’sdevelopment,buttheyreceiveddifferentformsofprejudicesbecauseoftheirsex.Inpolitics,theydidallthetediousdetailsthatmadethedifferenebetweenvictoryanddefeatonelectiondayandseldomhadthechancetoreachabetterposition,whilethemenreapedtherewards.Ineconomy,mostwomendidthelower-payinganddead–endjobsandtheywerepaidlessthanthemenforthesamejob.ManyAmericanpeopledidn’tadmititwasprejudiceagainstwomen.Theysaiditwasonlyadifferentdivisionoflabourinsociety.Evenmanywomenwerecontentwiththeirrolesassecond-classcitizens.Sotheauthorsaiditwasalongpainfulstruggleforthewomentogetrealequality

WhyDoestheAuthorSaythatAmericaNeedsMoreWomeninPolitics?

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