Microsoft资料Word格式.docx

Microsoft资料Word格式.docx

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DowJonesIndustrialAverageComponent

NASDAQ-100Component

S&

P500Component

Industry

Computersoftware

Founded

Albuquerque,NewMexico,UnitedStates（April4,1975）

Founder（s）

BillGates,PaulAllen

Headquarters

MicrosoftRedmondCampus,Redmond,Washington,U.S.

Areaserved

Worldwide

Keypeople

∙BillGates（Chairman）

∙SteveBallmer（CEO）

Products

∙MicrosoftWindows

∙MicrosoftOffice

∙MicrosoftServers

∙MicrosoftDynamics

∙WindowsPhone

∙Videogames

∙（SeeMicrosoftproducts）

Services

Onlineservices

Revenue

US$73.72billion（2012）[1]

Operatingincome

US$21.76billion（2012）[1]

Netincome

US$16.97billion（2012）[1]

Totalassets

US$121.2billion（2012）[1]

Totalequity

US$66.36billion（2012）[1]

Employees

97,000（2013）[2]

Subsidiaries

ListofMicrosoftsubsidiaries

Website

M

References:

[3]

MicrosoftCorporationisanAmericanmultinationalsoftwarecorporationheadquarteredinRedmond,Washingtonthatdevelops,manufactures,licenses,andsupportsawiderangeofproductsandservicesrelatedtocomputing.ThecompanywasfoundedbyBillGatesandPaulAllenonApril4,1975.Microsoftistheworld'

slargestsoftwaremakermeasuredbyrevenues.[4]Itisalsooneoftheworld'

smostvaluablecompanies.[5]

MicrosoftwasestablishedtodevelopandsellBASICinterpretersfortheAltair8800.ItrosetodominatethepersonalcomputeroperatingsystemmarketwithMS-DOSinthemid-1980s,followedbytheMicrosoftWindowslineofoperatingsystems.Thecompany'

s1986initialpublicoffering,andsubsequentriseinitsshareprice,createdanestimatedthreebillionairesand12,000millionairesfromMicrosoftemployees.Sincethe1990s,ithasincreasinglydiversifiedfromtheoperatingsystemmarketandhasmadeanumberofcorporateacquisitions.InMay2011,MicrosoftacquiredSkypeTechnologiesfor$8.5billioninitslargestacquisitiontodate.[6]

Asof2013,MicrosoftismarketdominantinboththePCoperatingsystemandofficesuitemarkets（thelatterwithMicrosoftOffice）.Thecompanyalsoproducesawiderangeofothersoftwarefordesktopsandservers,andisactiveinareasincludinginternetsearch（withBing）,thevideogameindustry（withtheXboxandXbox360consoles）,thedigitalservicesmarket（throughMSN）,andmobilephones（viatheWindowsPhoneOS）.InJune2012,MicrosoftannouncedthatitwouldbeenteringthePCvendormarketforthefirsttime,withthelaunchoftheMicrosoftSurfacetabletcomputer.

Inthe1990s,criticsbegantocontendthatMicrosoftusedmonopolisticbusinesspracticesandanti-competitivestrategiesincludingrefusaltodealandtying,putunreasonablerestrictionsintheuseofitssoftware,andusedmisrepresentativemarketingtactics;

boththeU.S.DepartmentofJusticeandEuropeanCommissionfoundthecompanyinviolationofantitrustlaws.

Contents

[hide]

1History

1.11972–83:

Foundingandcompanybeginnings

1.21984–94:

WindowsandOffice

1.31995–2005:

Internetandthe32-bitera

1.42006–10:

WindowsVista,mobile,andWindows7

1.52011–present:

Rebranding,Windows8,andSurface

2Productdivisions

2.1WindowsDivision,ServerandTools,OnlineServicesDivision

2.2BusinessDivision

2.3EntertainmentandDevicesDivision

∙3Culture

∙4Criticism

5Corporateaffairs

5.1Financial

5.2Environment

5.3Marketing

5.4Logo

∙6Seealso

∙7References

∙8Externallinks

History

Mainarticles:

HistoryofMicrosoftandHistoryofMicrosoftWindows

1972–83:

PaulAllenandBillGates（respectively）onOctober19,1981,inaseaofPCsaftersigningapivotalcontract.IBMcalledMicrosoftinJuly1980inquiringaboutprogramminglanguagesforitsupcomingPCline;

[7]:

228afterfailednegotiationswithanothercompany,IBMgaveMicrosoftacontracttodeveloptheOSforthenewlineofPCs.[8]

PaulAllenandBillGates,childhoodfriendswithapassionincomputerprogramming,wereseekingtomakeasuccessfulbusinessutilizingtheirsharedskills.In1972theyfoundedtheirfirstcompanynamedTraf-O-Data,thatofferedarudimentarycomputerwhichtrackedandanalyzedautomobiletrafficdata.AllenwentontopursueadegreeincomputerscienceattheUniversityofWashington,laterdroppingoutofschooltoworkatHoneywell.GatesbeganstudiesatHarvard.[9]TheJanuary1975issueofPopularElectronicsfeaturedMicroInstrumentationandTelemetrySystems'

s（MITS）Altair8800microcomputer.AllennoticedthattheycouldprogramaBASICinterpreterforthedevice;

afteracallfromGatesclaimingtohaveaworkinginterpreter,MITSrequestedademonstration.Sincetheydidn'

tactuallyhaveone,AllenworkedonasimulatorfortheAltairwhileGatesdevelopedtheinterpreter.Althoughtheydevelopedtheinterpreteronasimulatorandnottheactualdevice,theinterpreterworkedflawlesslywhentheydemonstratedtheinterpretertoMITSinAlbuquerque,NewMexicoinMarch1975;

MITSagreedtodistributeit,marketingitasAltairBASIC.[7]:

108,112–114TheyofficiallyestablishedMicrosoftonApril4,1975,withGatesastheCEO.[10]Allencameupwiththeoriginalnameof"

Micro-Soft,"

thecombinationofthewordsmicrocomputerandsoftware,asrecountedina1995Fortunemagazinearticle.InAugust1977thecompanyformedanagreementwithASCIIMagazineinJapan,resultinginitsfirstinternationaloffice,"

ASCIIMicrosoft"

.[11]ThecompanymovedtoanewhomeinBellevue,WashingtoninJanuary1979.[10]

MicrosoftenteredtheOSbusinessin1980withitsownversionofUnix,calledXenix.[12]However,itwasMS-DOSthatsolidifiedthecompany'

sdominance.AfternegotiationswithDigitalResearchfailed,IBMawardedacontracttoMicrosoftinNovember1980toprovideaversionoftheCP/MOS,whichwassettobeusedintheupcomingIBMPersonalComputer（IBMPC）.[13]Forthisdeal,MicrosoftpurchasedaCP/Mclonecalled86-DOSfromSeattleComputerProducts,brandingitasMS-DOS,whichIBMrebrandedtoPC-DOS.FollowingthereleaseoftheIBMPCinAugust1981,MicrosoftretainedownershipofMS-DOS.SinceIBMcopyrightedtheIBMPCBIOS,othercompanieshadtoreverseengineeritinorderfornon-IBMhardwaretorunasIBMPCcompatibles,butnosuchrestrictionappliedtotheoperatingsystems.Duetovariousfactors,suchasMS-DOS'

savailablesoftwareselection,MicrosofteventuallybecametheleadingPCoperatingsystemsvendor.[8][14]:

210ThecompanyexpandedintonewmarketswiththereleaseoftheMicrosoftMousein1983,aswellasapublishingdivisionnamedMicrosoftPress.[7]:

232PaulAllenresignedfromMicrosoftinFebruaryafterdevelopingHodgkin'

sdisease.[7]:

231

1984–94:

WhilejointlydevelopinganewOSwithIBMin1984,OS/2,MicrosoftreleasedMicrosoftWindows,agraphicalextensionforMS-DOS,onNovember20,1985.[7]:

242–243,246MicrosoftmoveditsheadquarterstoRedmondonFebruary26,1986,andonMarch13thecompanywentpublic;

[15]theensuingriseinthestockwouldmakeanestimatedfourbillionairesand12,000millionairesfromMicrosoftemployees.[16]DuetothepartnershipwithIBM,in1990theFederalTradeCommissionsetitseyeonMicrosoftforpossiblecollusion;

itmarkedthebeginningofoveradecadeoflegalclasheswiththeU.S.Government.[17]MicrosoftannouncedthereleaseofitsversionofOS/2tooriginalequipmentmanufacturers（OEMs）onApril2,1987;

243–244meanwhile,thecompanywasatworkona32-bitOS,MicrosoftWindowsNT,usingideasfromOS/2;

itshippedonJuly21,1993withanewmodularkernelandtheWin32applicationprogramminginterface（API）,makingportingfrom16-bit（MS-DOS-based）Windowseasier.OnceMicrosoftinformedIBMofNT,theOS/2partnershipdeteriorated.[18]

In1990,Microsoftintroduceditsofficesuite,MicrosoftOffice.Thesoftwarebundledseparateofficeproductivityapplications,suchasMicrosoftWordandMicrosoftExcel.[7]:

301OnMay22MicrosoftlaunchedWindows3.0withastreamlineduserinterfacegraphicsandimprovedprotectedmodecapabilityfortheIntel386processor.[19]BothOfficeandWindowsbecamedominantintheirrespectiveareas.[20][21]Novell,aWordcompetitorfrom1984–1986,filedalawsuityearslaterclaimingthatMicrosoftleftpartofitsAPIsundocumentedinordertogainacompetitiveadvantage.[22]

OnJuly27,1994,theU.S.DepartmentofJustice,AntitrustDivisionfiledaCompetitiveImpactStatementthatsaid,inpart:

"

Beginningin1988,andcontinuinguntilJuly15,1994,MicrosoftinducedmanyOEMstoexecuteanti-competitive"

perprocessor"

licenses.Underaperprocessorlicense,anOEMpaysMicrosoftaroyaltyforeachcomputeritsellscontainingaparticularmicroprocessor,whethertheOEMsellsthecomputerwithaMicrosoftoperatingsystemoranon-Microsoftoperatingsystem.Ineffect,theroyaltypaymenttoMicrosoftwhennoMicrosoftproductisbeingusedactsasapenalty,ortax,ontheOEM'

suseofacompetingPCoperatingsystem.Since1988,Microsoft'

suseofperprocessorlicenseshasincreased."

[23]

1995–2005:

BillGatesgivinghisdepositionin1998fortheUnitedStatesv.Microsofttrial.OncetheU.S.DepartmentofJustice1993tookoverfromtheFederalTradeCommission,aprotractedlegalwranglingbetweenMicrosoftandthedepartmentensued,resultinginvarioussettlementsandpossibleblockedmergers.MicrosoftwouldpointtocompaniessuchasAOL-TimeWarnerinitsdefense.[17]

FollowingBillGates'

sinternal"

InternetTidalWavememo"

onMay26,1995,Microsoftbegantoredefineitsofferingsandexpanditsproductl