文献综述sent.doc

文献综述sent.doc

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成都理工大学

学生毕业设计（论文）文献综述报告

学生姓名：

张露

学号：

200811010418

专业名称：

英语

文献综述题目：

APragmaticAnalysisofEnglishHumorLiteratureReview

《英语幽默语用浅析文献综述》

引用文献：

中文6篇；英文9　篇；其它语种0　篇

其中期刊：

3种；专著12本；其它：

0种

引用文献时间跨度：

1962～2006年

指导教师审阅签名：

综述报告正文：

APragmaticAnalysisofEnglishHumorLiteratureReview

Differentresearchesofhumorappearindifferentperiods.Traditionally,thereexistthreedominanttheories:

SuperiorityTheory,ReleaseTheoryandIncongruityTheory.Currently,theScript-basedSemanticTheory,GeneralTheory,andAudience-basedTheoryhaveheldpeople’sattention.Inthefollowing,thispaperwillmakeadetailedaccountofthesixtheoriesmentionedabove.

1.TraditionalTheoriesonHumor

1.1SuperiorityTheory

Superioritytheory,whichisalsocalleddegradation,disparagementandderisiontheory,hasalonghistory.ItderivesfromAristotle’s（384-322BC）viewthatcomedyisbasedonanimitationofmenworsethantheaverage,ofpeoplewhoareridiculous,whichaccountsforthepleasureonefeelswhenthelessfortunateandlessdesirablefiguresarelaughedat.Thoughitdealswiththenatureofcomedy,itcanalsobeappliedtohumor,becauseinthebroadsensethetwoareinterchangeablethoughcomedyis,technicallyspeaking,aliteraryform（Berger,1993）.Plato（427-347BC）suggeststhatallhumorcanbeexplainedbythistheory.Peoplelaughwheneversomeoneorsomethingisdegraded,sotheycanfeelthemselvessuperior.Later,ThomasHobbesdevelopstheirviewsinthatlaughterbearsonone’ssocialstatusandsuperiorityoverone’speers.He（1651）explainsthathumansareinconstantcompetitionswitheachother,andlookingforshortcomingsofotherpersons.Laughingattheinferiorbuildsourself-confidenceandmakesusfeelsuperior.Becauseoftheiremphasisontheinterpersonalandsocialaspectofhumor,superioritytheoriesareofconsiderableinteresttothesociolinguistsofhumor.

However,thistheoryisnotsopopularnowasitwasinancienttimes,becausenotanyhumorcandisplayasuperior-inferiorrelationshipandthefeelingsofsuperiorityisnotenoughtoexplainwhypeoplelaugh.What’smore,sometimesinsteadofbeingamused,wewouldratherpitythosewhoareinferiorandsuffering.

1.2ReleaseTheory

Thistheoryisprimarilyapsychologicaloneabouthumor,closelyassociatedwithFreud.Inhisbook,JokesandTheirRelationtoUnconscious（1960）,Freudstatesthatthereisastronglinkbetweentheunconsciousandbothjokesanddreams,andthatthelattertwoemploysimilartechniques（condensation,displacement）tocarryouttheir“joke-work”and“dream-work”.Asforthematerialthatcausesamusement,hedistinguishesbetweenjokes（wits）,thecomic,andhumor.Eachoftheminvolvesasavingoreconomizingofenergywhich,havingbecomeunnecessaryforitsnormalpurposes,isdissipatedintheformoflaughter:

jokesalloweconomiesinexpenditureoninhibitionandsuppression,thecomiconideation（thinking）,andhumoronemotion.Freudexplainsthatthe“psychicenergy”inourbodyisbuiltasanaidforsuppressingfeelingsintabooareas,likesexordeath.Whenthisenergyisreleased,laughtercanbeexperienced,notonlybecausethisenergyisreleased,butalsothesetaboothoughtsarebeingentertained.Amoreconventionalversionofthistheoryisthatapleasantsensationisexperiencedwhenhumorreplacesnegativefeelingslikepainsorsadness.

Freud（1960）commentsthatthefeelingofproprietythatpreventsusfrominsultingsomeonedirectlycanbeovercomeiftheinsultisexpressedintheformofajoke.Lippitt（1995）arguesthatthisisnotalwaysthecase.Undersomecircumstances,evenwhenthebuttofthejokefeelsobligedtojoininthepleasure,ratherthanbeseenaslackingasenseofhumor,hecanbeleftlookingfoolishwhilethejokersuperior.Thatis,suchaninsultjokingcanbeevenmorewoundingthanadirectinsult,inwhichtheinsulter’sbehaviormaybesociallycensoredandtheinsultedpersonreceivessympathy.

HerbertSpencer（1977）alsodiscussesreleaseinrelationtolaughter,buthisischieflyaphysiologicalexplanation,whichseeslaughterasthedischargeofnervousenergytriggeredbysimpleemotions.Heproposesthatasaresponsetothecomical,thecomicalinexorablysignifiessomesortofincongruity,butthisincongruitymustcarryadescendingcharacter.Inotherwords,inacomicalsituation,somethinglargeisexpected,andsomethingsmallisfound.Thisiswhatiscalleda“descendingincongruity”.Onthecontrary,ifsomethinglargeissuddenlydiscoveredinsteadofsomethingsmall,afeelingof“ascendingincongruity”isobtained.Astotheabovepoint,Lorenz（1996）proposesthatmostjokesprovokelaughterbybuildingupatensionwhichisthensuddenlyandunexpectedlyexploded.

1.3IncongruityTheory

Theincongruitytheoryofhumor,virtu